34 ART. 1.— B. KOTO: 



On the way from Ham-heung to Chyang-jin , I made the ascent of 

 one of the passes of this ridge called the pass of Hoang-chho-ryöng 2) 

 (1090 m.). I literally climbed up to the summit on a narrow, rocky 

 path running through a deep forest, and one of my loaded ponies lost 

 his foot-hold and fell twice throwing off his load. Midway up we 

 had to make a short descent at which time my horse-drivers caught 

 the ponies by the tail to prevent them from slipping. 



The ridge then runs eastwards through Pu-chyöl-lyöng 3) and Hu- 

 chhi-ryöng 4) , being finally cut down by an oblique fault-line at Tai-uün- 

 san-nyöng (137 5m) S) . The latter, starting from near the free port of Syöng- 

 jin 6) , proceeds northwards along the coast, penetrating far into the Tu- 

 man Gang region, and the northerly curve of this boundary river follows 

 its eastern foot. The new ridge is popularly known as the Chyang- 

 päik-san, but it should rather be called the Small or Syo-Chyang-paih- 

 san to discriminate it from the Long- white Mountains of the north. 

 The ridge is the eastern brink of the basalt-plateau of East Kai-ma, and 

 the coast of Ham-gyöng Do from Syöng-jin to Kyong-syöng follows 

 the course of the mountain, exactly like the Kang-uön Do coast at 

 the foot of the Thai-Päik-san-range. The Myo-hyang-san, after 

 being cut off from the main ridge by the Syo-Chyang-paik-san, still 

 lingers near the coast, keeping its original direction, and raising its 

 head of geological cliff' within basalt-mesa. It is locally called Kang- 

 neung-san 7J , and ends at 0-tai-jin-kot 8) (C. Kozakoff). 



The foreland between Syöng-jin and Ham-heung borders the 

 north shores of Chyo-syün Bay. It is a belt of hilly land about 40 

 kilometers in width, with the precipitous wall (1000 m.) of the Myo- 

 hyang-san on the north. This tract was called in the middle ages 



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