56 ART. 1.— B. KOTO: 



meeting the preceding in the basin of the Tu-man Gang. The upper 

 Am-nok Gang drains the acute angled area between the two systems 

 which are cut down crosswise by the Syo-Chyang-päik-san at the 

 north-east coast of Ham-gyong Do. (Page 34.) 



iii. Y>y the Korean System I mean that complex of uplifted 

 edü'es and sometimes folds which run more or less in north-south 

 direction along the long axis of the peninsula. It is so characteristic 

 to the physiognomy of the land that even native geographers 1 } long- 

 before us recognized its great importance in the surface-features of the 

 peninsula. It is also so peculiar to Korea that I know of no other 

 mountains bearing the same trend as these in South-east Asia. I 

 presume, however, that something like the Korean direction may 

 perhaps be looked for beyond the Chyang-päik-san range in Kirin and 

 also at the terminal portion of the long ridge of the Great Khingan. 

 Also a part of Kyu-shu (Japan) may be within its reach. 



Within the complex of the Korean System, there seem to exist 

 two natural subgroups which are named respectively the Thai-Päik- 

 san and the Syo- Päik-san. 



a. The first constitutes the backbone of the peninsula extending 

 from the south-east of Kyong-syang Do toward the N.N.W., along the 

 coast through Thai- Päik-san, O-dai-san and Keum-gang-san. After 

 a short interruption it seems to stretch to Xang-nim in the Kai-ma Land 

 which is separated by it into east and west halves, while at the same 

 time it forms the boundary of Phyong-an and Ham-gyöng. A 

 sudden turn of the upper Am-nok, — the Angle of Mao-èrh-shan, — is 

 probably due to its prolongation, while the axial trend of Kö-chyöi 

 Island indicates how the mountains curve a little to S.W. on entering 

 the South Korean Archipelago. 



Five components of the Thai- Päik-san are the cliffs of tilted 



1) Sec ante p. 6. 



