JAPANESE ASTEEOIDEA. 219 



laterals are covered with short, blunt, rough spines, which impart 

 a coarse appearance to the area ; they are intermediate in form 

 between the outer spines of the adambulacrals and the coarser 

 armature of the inferomarginals. In well preserved alcoholic 

 specimens the spines of the ventrolaterals appear very distinct 

 from those of the inferomarginals by their deeper color, as well 

 as from tlie adambulacral spines which are almost colorless ; 

 moreover the ventrolateral spines present perfectly rounded tops. 



Paxillce. — In a well preserved alcoholic specimen (PI. II, fig. 

 14), in which the aboral side is much inflated, the paxillse are 

 well spaced and clearly show the papulao lying between them, 

 but in specimens whose aboral side is perfectly level or slightly 

 sunken they are less well spaced. There is a very prominent, 

 central elevated area of small paxillœ, in which the anus opens in 

 a subcentral position. The paxilla3 are again very small in the 

 terminal slender parts of the arms. They are also more like those 

 of Astropeden than of P. misàkiensls. The pedicel is flattened from 

 side to side, and the coronal spinelets are hardly divergent (PI. 

 II, fig. 21). In the larger paxillœ there may be as many as four 

 centrals and twelve peripherals, the former being slightly larger 

 than the latter but otherwise similar. In the smaller paxillœ there 

 may be one central or none at all. The coronal spinelets have 

 truncated tops and are about half as long as the pedicel. In 

 some of the well spaced portions there are found radiating cal- 

 careous pieces connecting the bases of the pedicels similar to those 

 of P. misakiensis ; but they do not appear to be present every- 

 where. 



Madreporite. — The madreporite is tolerably conspicuous, nearly 

 elliptical in outline, and covered with granules. It is situated 



