364 DEPARTMENT OF THE XATAL SERVICE 



between 3-5° and 5-5° C. A higher surface temperature is found further out at 

 stations V 14-16 and at VI 17-l7a, where temperature from 8-1° to 12.:3''0. are met 

 with. This is due to the influence of the Atlantic water. A lower temperature is 

 found at the northern stations off the Newfoundland bank, down to ?-2°C. nt station 

 VI 21, where the influence of the Arctic current is strongest. In the gulf the tem- 

 perature decreases from the surface down to the intermediate minimum layer with a 

 temperature below zero. This decrease is more rapid nearer the coasts, and especially 

 so in the southern part of the gulf, near Magdalen hay, where the highest surface 

 temperature was found. The intermediate minimum layer of negative temperature is 

 most prominent in the middle part of the gulf, round Anticosti east bank, and espe- 

 cially over the Anticostian channel, where it forms a layer 120 to 150m. in depth. 

 Over the Newfoundland banks we meet with a similar intermediate layer of cold water 

 with temperature down to -^1-4° C, lying somewhat deeper. Through the northern 

 half of Cabot strait this stratum seems to be connected with other areas of interme- 

 diate cold water. It seems probable that this cold intermediate layer in the gulf has its 

 principal source in inflowing currents from the cold water-layers south and east of 

 Newfoundland. This inflowing current is indicated in section IX from Cabot strait, 

 but similar conditions might have been found to obtain in Belle Isle strait, had this 

 area been covered by the investigation. These currents are presumably reaction cur- 

 rents, acting against the outflowing currents in the upper strata, as found in the 

 southern part of the Cabot strait. The melting of the winter ice in the gulf may be 

 another source, but this is not nearly suflieient to account for the mighty proportions 

 of these intermediate, cold water-layers in the gulf. The outflowing cold water from 

 the gulf, indicated by the soutliern minimum found in section IX, Cabot strait, forms 

 another area of intermediate cold water-layers over the inner part of the Nova Scotian 

 banks (section VIII). The extension of this area is merely indicated by the investi- 

 gations, but we find that part of it extends as far south as station V 3. 



As stated on p. 360, the cold-water layers of the Newfoundland banks have another 

 outlet in a southwesterly direction towards station V 12, where they are deflected in a 

 westerly direction towards the Nova Scotian banks by contact with the Atlantic water. 

 This concentrated, strong current might be connected with the inner, intermediate 

 minimum area of the banks through several of the deep channels between the banks; 

 for instance, the Gully. At least we find indications of it along the slopes far south 

 and west (see p. 369). 



Towards the deep water the temperature again increases, but slowly, out from the 

 Atlantic slopes through a water-layer with higher temperature (over 5° C.) in depths 

 from 100 to 250m. The latter is connected with the warmer layers farther out. At a 

 depth of 400m. the temperature is about 4° C. near the slopes, and it increases towards 

 the Atlantic ocean to 9-30° C. (station V, VI, 16) at the same depth. 



Summer Cruises. 

 GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE (TABLE Ic). 

 1. C. G. S. " Princess " (August 3 to August 12). 



Siatio)is 27 and 28. 



The two first stations on this cruise were taken in the shallow water of Northum- 

 berland strait, very near to the corresponding stations 3 and 4 of the spring cruise. 



Salinity. — At both stations we find coastal water from the surface down to the 

 bottom. While, however, at the western station (station 28) the salinity is fairly con- 

 stant down to the bottom (20m) we find at the eastern station a difference of about 1 

 7oo 



