EVOLUTION OF THE GERM 



143 



The older, known as the Lamarckian/ expressed in modern 

 terms, is that the causes of tlic genesis of new form and new func- 

 tion are to be sought in the body 

 cells (soma), on the hypothesis 

 that cellular actions, reactions, 

 and interactions with each other 

 and with the environment are 

 in some way impressed physico- 

 chemically upon and are heri- 

 table by the chromatin. This 

 idea was originally suggested 

 by the accurate observation of 

 early naturalists and anatomists 

 that bodily function not only 

 controls and perfects form but 

 is generally adaptive or pur- 

 posive in its effects upon form. 

 According to this Lamarck- 

 Spencer-Cope explanation a 

 change of environment, of 

 habit, and of function should al- 

 ways be antecedent to changes 

 of form in succeeding genera- 

 tions; moreover, if this explana- 

 tion were the true one, succes- 

 sive changes in evolutionary 

 series would be like growth, 

 they would be observed to fol- 

 low the direct lines of individ- 

 ual action, reaction, and inter- 

 action, and the young would 



' Cf. Preface, pp. xiii, xiv 



Adaptations of Environmental Cor- 

 relation : 

 respiratory, olfactory, visual, 

 altditory, thermal, gravity 

 functions and organs 

 coordinatlve and correlative to 



variations of LIGHT, HEAT, HU- 

 midity, aridity, caused by mi- 

 grations of the individual or 

 of the enwronment. 



Adaptations of Internal Correlation: 

 correlation and coordination of 

 the internal growth and func- 

 tions through internal secre- 

 tions, enzymes, and the ner- 

 vous system. 



/\x)aptations of nutrition 



(1) on inorganic compounds. 



(2) on bacteria. 



(3) on protophyta, alg.e, etc. 



(4) on protozoa. 



(5) on higher plants, herbivo- 



rous diet. 



(6) on higher animals, carntv'o- 



rous diet. 



(7) parasitic, without or within 



plants ant) animals. 

 Adaptations of Individual Competi- 

 tion AND Selection: 



(a) selection, AFFECTING VARIA- 



TION, RECTIGRADATION, MUTA- 

 TION, ORIGIN, AND DE\'ELOP- 

 MENT OF SINGLE CHARACTERS, 

 PROPORTIONS, ETC. 



(b) AFFECTING ALL REPRODUCTR'E 



ORGANS, PRIMARY AND SEC- 

 ONDARY. 



Adaptations of Racial Competition 

 AND Selection, 



AFFECTING CHIEFLY ALL MOTOR, PRO- 

 TECTmS, OFFENSIVE, AND DEFEN- 

 SIVE STRUCTURES OF THE ENDO- 

 ANT) EXOSKELETON; ALSO REPRO- 

 DUCTION RATE. 



The peculiar significance of 



THE HEREDITY-CHROMATIN is itS Sta- 

 bility in combination with incessant 

 plasticity and adaptability to vary- 

 ing environmental conditions and 

 new forms of bodily action. 



