HUMAN REACTIONS IN A MAZE 115 



due to fear and caution and an absence of specific motive for 

 a high rate of speed. After a few trials the time values are 

 decreased, and from this point on the relation between time 

 and error is more normal and similar to that exhibited by the 

 human subjects. 



V. RELATIVE VARIABILITY OF THE GROUPS 



Comparisons in this respect were instituted in the following 

 manner. The average and average variation values were com- 

 puted for each group for such factors as the total number of 

 errors, the surplus time, etc. Inasmuch as the rats made a 

 much greater number of errors than the adults, the range of 

 probable variation is also greater. Consequently, each average 

 variation is divided by the average. This gives a percentage 

 value expressing the ratio between the range of variation and 

 the group average. These values have been termed the " per- 

 centage of variability," and they are given in Table V. 



TABLE V 



Percentage of Variability 

 Adults 



Initial. Errors 15.6 



Initial Surplus Time 34 . 6 



Total Errors 26.7 



Total Surplus Time 23 .4 



Number of Trials 34 . 7 



Average 27.0 



The average for each group is given at the bottom of the 

 table and it is to be noted that the groups can be arranged in 

 order of their intelligence. One might conclude, therefore, that 

 the greater the intelligence the less is the variability between 

 individuals. However, it must be recalled that four adults, five 

 children, and six rats constituted the three groups. The prob- 

 able range of variation inside a group depends, in a general 

 way, upon the number of individuals composing it. Making 

 allowances for this fact, no distinctive differences can be con- 

 fidently affirmed, with the possible exception that the animals 

 are more variable than the humans as to the initial values. 



