384 C, H. TURNEB 



ceiving cotton blossoms; associative memory of a kind is in- 

 \< Wed, since young bees do not appear to work to so much 

 advantage as experienced bees. Experience is also evident in 

 the fact that bees which have been collecting honey from Amer- 

 ican cotton blossoms, which have extra-floral nectaries, visit 

 similar structures on blossoms of the Asiatic variety, which have 

 no honey in them; but soon depart. The cotton field itself, 

 Allard thinks, is found by a kind of odoriferous cloud hang- 

 ing over it. He does not bring any experimental evidence to 

 the support of this statement. 



C. H. Turner (57), in experimenting on pattern vision in the 

 honey bee, made use of pasteboard boxes like those employed 

 in his experiments of last year on color vision in the same insect. 

 He constructed artifacts showing seven different color patterns. 

 Bees which had been trained to gather honey from one pattern 

 were tested to see if they could choose this pattern from one 

 or more of the others. In some cases the artifact of the pattern 

 to be chosen contained honey, while the rest had none.; in other 

 cases there was honey on some of the artifacts of all patterns, 

 and in still other cases there was no honey on any of the artifacts. 

 Five hundred and eight correct selections out of 5 1 8 were made, 

 indicating that color patterns are perceived by bees. Since they 

 can distinguish both color and pattern, no evidence can be 

 drawn from the visual powers of bees against the hypothesis 

 that colors and patterns in flowers are adapted to secure trie 

 visits of insects. 



The experiments discussed above do not demonstrate that 

 colors appear to insects just as they appear to us ; that question 

 cannot be determined experimentally; but, it seems to me, 

 they do prove that these insects discriminate between colors. 

 Furthermore, these experiments do not predicate to insects 

 color preference. Color discrimination is one thing and color 

 preference another. Recently A. S. Pearse (43) has given some 

 attention to the matter of the color preferences of insects. His 

 experiments were planned to test the ability of the larval caddis- 

 flies (Neuroma postica Walker) and of the crab spider (Misuincua 

 aleatoria (Hentz) Emerton) to select from a variety of colors 

 those that match their environment. The caddis-fly larvae 

 were placed in small rectangular aquaria and each aquarium 



