3S6 C. H. TURNER 



FEELING AND EMOTIONS 



It has been found by H. H. P. and H. C. Severin (53) that 

 when an aquarium containing Belostomas is suddenly approached, 

 the bugs flee in all directions from their resting places, a per- 

 formance which is considered by these investigators as indicat- 

 ing fear. Ncpa apiculatum, Ranatra americana and Ranatra 

 kirkaldyi show no such signs of fear under similar conditions. 

 At the present stage in the development of the science of animal 

 behavior, it is probably impossible to state what would be 

 considered a conclusive attitudinal indication of fear. A more 

 conservative writer would be inclined to call the behavior of 

 these bugs an example of differential sensibility. 



A. D. Hardy (26) thinks he has discovered in the wasp Diamma 

 bicolor signs of anger. He bases his conclusion upon the follow- 

 ing observation. Diamma was dragging a cricket into her bur- 

 row when Hardy, with a pair of forceps, held the cricket by the 

 hind legs. After tugging and tugging without accomplishing 

 anything, the wasp suddenly stopped pulling, mounted the 

 cricket, seized its abdomen with her jaws and stung the insect 

 three times. A reviewer would hardly be warranted in assert- 

 ing that this is not a case of anger ; but it does seem that another 

 interpretation is possible. At another place in the article Hardy 

 has described what the wasp does when an insect recovers from 

 the sting and begins to move. In that case the wasp stops 

 tugging, mounts the cricket, seizes its abdomen in her jaws and 

 stings it. A paralyzed cricket would be unable to resist the 

 efforts of the wasp to drag it along. A cricket that had wholly 

 or even partly recovered from the effects of the sting could, by 

 clinging to the surroundings, offer such resistance, and hinder 

 the wasp in the same manner that Hardy did with his forceps. 

 Until it has been proven that the way in which the wasp reacted 

 to the cricket held by Hardy is not its normal manner of react- 

 ing to a revived victim struggling to escape, it does not seem 

 necessary to predicate anger in order to explain the behavior 

 described by Hardy. 



MATING INSTINCTS 



According to J. B. Davey (20) the tsetse fly (Glossina fused) 

 mates on the trunks of trees. 



F. Fuchs (22) noticed two males copulating with one female 

 Cheimatobia brunnata. The next morning both males were dead. 



