BEHAVIOR OF VERTEBRATES 435 



finally choosing its own course so as to eliminate the detours 

 made on the journey out. The journey was not made without 

 error. Improvement by practice was noted. We are not given 

 the details of the journeys — i.e., distance traversed, times on 

 successive trips, etc., nor the previous training of the horse. 

 Several pages are devoted to discussion of theories, the senses 

 of the horse, and the author's conclusions. In brief the latter 

 are as follows. 



Orientation is not a physiological reflex but a psychical pro- 

 cess. All the senses play a role with the exception of taste. In 

 the order of their importance in orientation the senses are listed 

 as follows: smell, hearing, touch and sight. Direction, intensity 

 and temperature of winds are important factors. It is curious 

 that sight appears last in the list. He gives no experimental 

 grounding for this particular hieiarchy of the senses. From the 

 author's note it appears that mistakes are often made when 

 orientation is attempted through sight. In all of the higher 

 animals orientation is a complex process involving both con- 

 scious and unconscious factors. The unconscious factor in 

 orientation according to the author consists chiefly in a Richt- 

 ungsgeffihl. His discussion at this point is so naive and out of 

 place in a journal with the standing of the Zeitschrift fur ange- 

 wandte Psychologie that the reviewer feels compelled to quote 

 it in full: " Welcher Art is die bei der Orientierung geleistete 

 unbewusste psychische Arbeit? Antwort: sie besteht haupt- 

 sachlich in dem sog. Richtungsgefuhle. 



Welche physiologischen Faktoren (Sinnesorgane) dienen dem 

 Richtungsgefuhle zur Unterlage und welcher Art sind die dabei 

 entstehenden Empfindungen und Vorstellungen ? Antwort: von 

 verschiedenen Organen (hauptsachlich dem Ohrlabyrinth) kom- 

 men Lageempfindungen ; auf diesen baut die Seele ihre Raum- 

 vorstellungen auf." (P. 85). In concrete cases, according to 

 V. Maday, this Richtungsgef ilhl comes about through the un- 

 conscious registration of "detours" (Darwin). It is evident 

 that the author was not really prepared, either from the stand- 

 point of his familiarity with psychological theory or from his 

 experimental equipment, to undertake such a problem. It is 

 to be regretted that the journal in which the article appears 

 will continue to give space to the reports of such unsatisfactory 

 experimental work and to such long and rambling discussions 



