TilK TKACIHVr; OK liATIN'. 321 



iiiankiiul, before the use of coined money as a ciieulatiug medium and 

 the aetessibility of shops and hotels took away tlie necessity for it as a 

 recognised institution. A man was expected to share his abundance 

 with the members of his tribe ; even strangers could claim libei-al 

 rights of hospitality. No doubt in the long run things worked out 

 roughly even ; and the man who gave to-day received in his turn to- 

 morrow. Still it was a lesson in liberality and gratitude. 



In later times the introduction of nioney and the connnercial idea 

 of exchange, where one gave in oitler to receive, brought in the new 

 virtue of just and honest dealing — a full measure and a fair price. 

 And there is a higher development still. I quote again from Professor 

 James : — 



" We hear, in these days of scientific enlightenment, a great deal 

 of discussion about the etiicacy of prayer ; and many reasons are given 

 us why we should not pray, whilst others are given us why we should. 

 But in all this very little is said of the reason why we do pray, which 

 is simply that we cannot help praying. It seems pi-obable that, in 

 spite of all that 'science' may do to the contrary, men will continue to 

 pray to the end of time, imless their mental nature change in a manner 

 which nothing we know should lead us to expect. The impulse to 

 pray is a necessary consequence of the fact that whilst the innermost 

 of the empirical selves of a man is a self of the social sort, it yet can 

 find its only adequate socius in an ideal world." 



The grammarian was well inspired who first spoke of the dativus 

 ethiciis ; for helpfulness, gratitude, just dealing, faith, the social and 

 ethical virtues of mankind find their expression in this case. 



The fourth question concerning the acting was — How was it done '? 

 and in its most ccmcrete meaning refers to the instrument employed. 

 Man's first instruments were, no doubt, those gi\en him by nature — 

 hand, feet, teeth ; and it is a commonplace to observe that he was born 

 with a weaker bodily equipment for ofi^ence or defence than any of the 

 large beasts against whom he had to contend. But he was given a 

 hand and also the ingenuity to fashion and to use weapons and 

 instruments. Man is the instrument-inventing-and-using animal. 



There is an interesting passage in the 1st Book of Livy, where he 

 describes the great sacrifice of the tSuovetaurilia. Amongst other 

 details he remarks that the priest struck down the victim " Saxo 

 silice," with a fiint stone. This curious custom, preserved by the con- 

 servatism of Roman ritual, carries us back to the stone age of mankind, 

 and shows us the earliest implement of the human race — the stone axe. 

 Witli its aid primitive man fought wild beasts, dug the ground, felled 

 the tree and laid the foundations of our present material civilisation. 

 From the stone axe as its J'ons et oriyo there has been developed all 

 that wealth of elaborate and ingenious machinery which man now 

 employs in his agriculture, his industries and his transport system. 



If not an artist, there is, at least, an undeveloped artisan in most 

 men. The question " how " therefore appeals to a very large fund of 

 curiosity in human natuie. For ci-aft and cunning, iji the older anrl 

 better uses of these words, won great and genuine respect in early times. 



V 



