348 Hkpokt S.A.A. Advanckmknt op 8ciknck. 



Feniandes, who established tlieir mission at Otongwe, the capital of 

 the chief Gamba (1560), whom and whose household they baptised, 

 giving them the names of Portuguese nobles^except Gamba himself, 

 who was named after the supposed imperial convert Constantine the 

 Great. Silveira, who was subsequently martyred, describes the pagan 

 Makalanga, worshippers of the god Umbe, and the Batonga, who prac- 

 tised the rites of circumcision, derived, as we suppose, from the 

 Moors. More prominent than the humble missionaries of Otongwe 

 or Tongaland was the celebrated Jesuit mentor of Francesco Barreto, 

 Father Francisco Monclaros. In his account of Barreto's disastrous 

 expedition he tells us of the degraded Ma-Chija of Angoche, with their 

 lip-rings ; of the Mongazes : the tribes of 8ena and Manika, and the 

 cannibal Ba-Pioro (1569). To Rod)'igo Migueis, the pilot of the siiip 

 Santo Alberto, wrecked in 1593 off the mouth of the Umtata, we owe a 

 narrative of exceptional interest (as recorded by Joao Baptista Lavanha, 

 the king's cosmographer, in 1597), wherein he describes the light-coloured 

 chief, who spoke a different language to that of Mozambique, closely 

 resembling, if not identical with, the Zulu or Xosa dialect. This in- 

 dicates that over three hundred years ago there I'esided on the banks 

 of the Umtata a Kafir tribe of mixed Hottentot blood much resembling 

 the Gonaijua and Daniaqua tribes, of whom it was probably the 

 progenitor. 



Shortly before this (1583), Jan Huyghens Linschoten of Haarlem 

 visited Kilvva, Mozambi({ue and Sofala as a clerk in the train of the 

 Archbishop of Goa. He speaks of the black people or Caffares of the 

 land of Mozambique and all the coast of Ethiopia, and within the land 

 to the Cabo de Bona 8peranza, and of their straw huts and fat-tailed 

 sheep. Some of them bore holes in their lips or cheeks, others file 

 their teeth. Some eat elephants' flesh, and out of their tusks fas^hion 

 weapons instead of iron and steel : others, the "Macuwen" (Ma-Kua), 

 eat men's flesh. It must be allowed that some of the worthy scribe's 

 information seems derived from the foc'sle 3'^arns of the S<i)i Felijie or 

 the barrack-room jests of the Mozambique fort. 



Meanwhile, although, since the massacre in 1510 of the viceroy 

 D'Almeida and his suite by the Hottentots, the Portuguese had given 

 the Cabo de Bona Speranza a wide berth, the English under Diake in 

 1577, and the Dutch under Houtman in 1593, had commenced to 

 scrape accjuaintance with the Goringhaikona and Gorachouijua or 

 Goringhaiqua ; in 1614 one native who had been taken to England 

 returned with a suit of brass armour. Another Hottentot. Herry, 

 Van Riebeck's celebrated interpreter, was about this time taken to 

 Bantam anil back. 



To return to the Portuguese accounts of the Bantu. The standard 

 histories of Joao de Barros (1552-1613) and Diogo do Couto (1566- 

 1616) are storehouses of facts concerning South African ethnology in 

 the sixteenth century. The former, althougli restricted to sec<md- 

 liand testimony, luul fi-ee access to authentic and authoritative sources 

 by virtue of his oflicial position as factor of the India house at Lisbon. 

 His account of the Hottentots is inferior to that of Castanheda, who 



