PltKSIDKN'l's AdDUKSS — tSlCCT. F. 349 



had visited India and collcctccl niatciial there cailier than l)e I-Jaiios. 

 But tiie details gi\ en hy tlie hitter as to tlie Makahin<;a, whicli he regards 

 as a race much nu»re intelligent than the natives of the hinterland to 

 Kilwa and Melinde, are interesting: especially those relating to the 

 worship of the gX)d ^Nlu/.inio ("for they adore no idols like the negioes 

 elsewhere"), and also to their religious festivals and sacied days, their 

 ordeal by poison and the court ceremonial of the iNlonomotapa. l)o 

 Couto undoubtedly cc»uld speak from personal knowledge, for not 

 only did he reside many years in India, but he was twice wrecked on 

 the south-east coast of Africa, once on the Zambesi delta in 1585 

 on board the Saittiaiio, and once when the Sao Thovie went ashore on 

 the coast of Tongaland in 1589. He says little of the Makalanga, 

 merely describing the gold mines of Manica, and the trade and com- 

 merce with this people, which his sojourn in >South Africa at the rivers 

 of Cuama would enable him to do. He gives a full account of the 

 Ma-Zimba and other predatory tribes who vexed the settlers of Tete 

 and .Sena and the traders of Kilwa and Mozambi(jue, Mombasa and 

 INIelinde. 



But we owe a wealth of information to the Dominican Father 

 Joao dos vSantos, whose Ethiopia Orie)itaf was published in IG09. For 

 this he was well (tualified by his residence at Sofala, Sena, Tete and 

 Mozambique ; but he does not always write with the accuracy of one who 

 has the documents before him, and cannot, therefore, be relied upon in 

 matters not coming under his personal observation. His account of the 

 chief, or, as he calls him, the king [fste rei), Quiteve, is much fuller and 

 moie detailed than that of the other chiefs subject to the Monomotapa 

 — Tshikanga or 8edanda — as is natural, since 8ofala falls within his 

 territory ; and his description of the court of the paramount lord him- 

 self — in Dos Santos' day named Mambo — is much more meagre than 

 tliat accorded to his ^ assal at Manica. Altogether, however, we learn 

 more from Dos Santos than from any other contemp(^nary authority. 

 He describes the Makalanga of the interior, the Batonga of the coast 

 between Inharabane and the liuabo River, who speak a language 

 different to the Sikalanga ; the tribe under Mongas, the most warlike 

 of all, but conquered l>y the conijuistador Barreto. From Dos Santos 

 chiefly we learn of what the Portuguese knew in the sixteenth century 

 of the tribes north of the Zambesi, the Abutua in the north-west under 

 a powerful king, independent of the Monomotapa, the tribes between 

 Tete and Sena, the cannibal Makua (the Macuwen of Linschoten) with 

 their tattooed bodies, pierced lips and horns on their heafls. Those of 

 the Lorango unfler Bano, he says, are well-disposed : others, whose 

 chief is Maurusa, in the hinterland of Mozambique, are very barbarous 

 and great thieves, who molested the Portuguese of the settlement, 

 until Pereira bui-nt their kraals. To English readei's Dos Santos is 

 well known through a garbled translation published in Pinkerton's 

 Ttoa-pIs in 1814, and to South Africans through the copious extracts in 

 Colonel Sutherland's South African 7'rihcs (1846), made by that 

 author from the copy of Pinkerton still on the shelves of the Grahams- 

 town Public Library. 



