EXTRACTS. 109 



by the spiroclmeti causing relapsing fever, excei)ting tlio 

 European officer in command who, by taking precautions 

 against the bite of the tick, was not attacked. The disease 

 is particularly prevalent on the N.W. coast of Madagascar. 

 {Smiley, E. W., Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, ix. 9, 1916.) 



Mosquitoes. — That the larv?e of Culex can survive out of 

 water under certain conditions for five days has been demon- 

 strated by the fact that some taken from a ditch and placed 

 between two layers of damp moss (1) in an uncovered box, 

 (2) in a perforated box, (3) in an hermatically sealed box 

 for this period became active, and appeared to devejlop 

 normally. [Legendre, J. C. P., Soc. Biol., Pains, Ixxxix. 1, 

 1916.) 



In June 1915 workmen employed by the London Under- 

 ground Electric Railway Company, when working at night 

 in a "dead end" of the Highgate Station, Q>& feet under- 

 ground, were bitten by Culex pi pi ens, large numbers of 

 which had bred in a water tank below the railway platform. 

 {MacGregor, M. E., Jl. Trop. Med. &,• Hygiene, London, xix. 

 12, 1916.) 



The House Ply. — According to Beal verminous enteritis 

 of stock due to S pi r opt era worms is transmitted by the 

 house fly. The embryos of the worms pass out with the 

 fseces and then enter the bodies of the fly maggots which 

 infest the manure litter. The young worm reaches its final 

 stage of development about the time the adult tly emerges. 

 The worm passes from the body of the fly on to that of the 

 horse, from whence it is licked in and passes to the stomach. 

 It lives in the mucous membrane and also burrows channels 

 in it. (Beal, W. P., Ann. Pep. for 1914, Lond. 1915.) 



Examination at Mombassa of local natives who complained 

 of intestinal troubles showed evidence of helminthiasis in 

 83 per cent, of the cases investigated. Ova of seven 

 parasitic worms were found. Flies from the ward in which 

 a number of cases w^ere contracted were examined, and 

 10 per cent, contained ova of Trichocephalus dispar, 

 T. saginata, and Ankylostoma duodenale, the first 



