244 DR. E. p. PHILLIPS 



wliich adhere to the body of the animal and may be 

 carried ver}' long distances from the parent plant. 



(c) A very common adaptation is the development of 

 wings on the seeds. This greath^ increases the surface 

 area and allows such seeds to be easily blown about. In 

 Piims a single membranous wing is developed; in 

 Tecomaria capensls, Markhamia acutninata, (PI. II. fig. 

 4.) Wclicitschia nfii-ahiUs^ (PI. II. fig. 14.) Scsanum sp. 

 (PI. II. figs. 10, 120.1, etc. 2 wings are developed, one on 

 each side of the seed. In Anaccunpseros numerous small 

 wings are developed. It is usual for winged seeds to fall 

 with a spiral motion; thus the time during which they 

 are suspended in the air is lengthened. 



(d) The development of hairs on seeds is perhaps the 

 most common adaptation found for seed dispersal. In 

 the Asclepiadaceac [l^tapelia, Asclcpias, etc.) and some 

 Apocyiiaeeac iHtrophanthus speciosiis) (PI. II. fig. 5.), 

 lui apical tuft of hairs is formed. In some species of 

 Apocijuaccae a tuft of hairs is developed at both ends of 

 the seed while in the Willow i^alix), the cotton-plant 

 [Gossiiplum) and Erlospenniuii [Liliaceae) (PI. III. fig. 

 10). The seeds are covered with long hairs. 



In the dispersal of fruits we find the same methods 

 adopted for wind dispersal as is found in seeds. In 

 fruits which do not open we never find winged seeds. 



(a) The fruits of Cassia arachnoides, (PI. II. Itg, 6.) 

 one of the Leguminosae, are flattened and membranous 

 and suitably adapted for being blown long distances by 

 the wind. 



(b) The development of wings is found in the fruits of 

 various species of Leucadendron (Proteaccae) (PI. II. 

 fig 2.) ; DinforphofJwca iComposifac) (PI. 11. fig. IT.) 

 which have 2-winged fruits. 



Three Avings are developed in the fruits of Tripteris 

 (Coinpositac) {Vl. II. fig 10.), Begonia (Begoniaccae). 

 Many species of Comhrctuni (PI. II. fig 12.) have four 

 wings and other examples may be quoted of fruits with 

 5-0 wings. 



