154 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS — -SECTION E. 



modern sense in the Transkei is sufficiently indicated by the 

 significant extension of the bankinjs^ system of the Union to the 

 Territories. 



Thus the Standard Bank of South Africa, the National Bank, 

 and the African Banking Corporation are all represented in the 

 more important towns, and the amounts handled annually are 

 eloquent of the development accomplished and proceeding:. 



Further indications oC the growth of wealth are to be 

 found in the extensions of the railway system ; the multiplication 

 and the increase in value of trader's stores which are to be 

 found dotted through the countryside at intervals of five miles, 

 or less; the large volume of business done in all departments. 

 Postal, Telegraphic, Money Order, Savings Bank, by the Post 

 Offices to be found in every village ; the growino- revenue from 

 taxation for Union Government purposes, in addition to the 

 voluntary assessment, unsatisfactory in character because in- 

 elastic, and inelastic since it is a poll-tax on adult males, made 

 by the Transkeian Territories General Council, a tax which pro- 

 duces some £70,000 per annum, and is spent on education and 

 yjublic works. 



Approaching the matter from another angle, we find an 

 enormous betterment in the actual condition of the peoples : the 

 abandonment of the blanket smeared with red ochre for 

 European clothing, the improvement in the class of dwelling and 

 the better furnishing thereof, the increase in many respects of 

 their individual wants and requirements, the increase of their 

 flocks and herds, which has meant the development of a large 

 and important export trade in wool and hides. 



We do not, however, propose to work out in detail the 

 growth of wealth in the Transkei, since oiu* purpose in this study 

 is merely to afTord the contrast as between the barbarism of fifty 

 years ago and the extraordinary advances in the economic realm 

 made by these barbarous peoples, and so to estimate the place 

 and value of the economic factor. 



Already sufficient has been mentioned in this brief review 

 of the ]x>sition to show that the growth of wealth has been very 

 substantial indeed, and the economic factor operating in so many 

 different spheres must have exercised powerful influence in 

 assisting the advancement of the Native peoples, and expediting 

 in various ways the transition to individualism. 



7. Rcviczv. 



In the course, then, of our study of the factors operating 

 in the evolution of the Native Peoples, and in tracing the various 

 lines of evolution from the early days in the history of Kaffir- 

 land, we have been made abundantly aware of the fact of change. 

 Whether that change has been wholly for good is largely a 

 matter of opinion, and we are not so much concerned here 

 debating the point. The fact of chan"ge, however, is particularly 

 manifested in such fundamental respects as the breaking down 



