212 NOTES OX THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF SARAWAK. 



they are appreciably smaller; and amongst the Dynastidie, the 

 magnificent Chalcosoma atlas has no rival in South Africa. 



The Carabidae of South Africa are very numerous and, on the 

 whole, are very much bigger than tho^e of Sarawak ; but that largest 

 of Carabids, the extraordinary Mormolyce, has its home in the 

 Sarawak jungles. 



The Cicindelidae are well represented in South Africa, but no 

 members of the characteristic Eastern genera Collyris and the 

 ant-like Tricondyla are to be found here. In the Phytophaga the 

 genus Sagra is represented by several species in both areas, but 

 those of South Africa are not so large nor so brilliant as those of 

 Sarawak. On the other hand, the genus Psammodus (Tene- 

 brionid?e), rich in species of large size, so characteristic of the dry 

 plains of South Africa, is not found at all in Sarawak ; and the 

 same applies to the Brachycerus group of the Curculionid^e. 

 Coccinellid£e are found in both areas, and it is noteworthy that in 

 each case the coccinellid type of colouration is also to be found in 

 other groups of beetles {Phytophaga. Hcteromera) and even in 

 pentatomid bugs. 



The orthoptera of Sarawak, like those of South Africa, are richly 

 developed. Winged Phasmids (x\ruanoidea) of large size and bright 

 colours are common in the jungle : and no less common are the 

 wingless forms of sombre hue, some of which also attain great 

 dimensions {e.g., Heteropteryx). That remarkable insect, the 

 Phyllium, its body flattened into 'eaf-iike shape and of leaf-green 

 colour is found, though not very commonly, in Sarawak ; and 

 another creature worthy of remark is the large mantis Hymenopus 

 bicornis, which is of a beautiful pink and white colour with a trans- 

 lucency reminding one of the petals of a flower. 



Locus L swarms are unknown in Borneo. 



As regards the Arachnida they seem to be more richly developed 

 in South Africa. The So'pugidae, which are so common here, have 

 no representative in Sarawak ; and of scorpions and four-lunged 

 spiders South x\frica has by far the greater number of species. 

 Social spiders, whose characteristic nests are so well known here, 

 are not represented in the jungles of Sarawak. 



In the Mollusca also South Africa has probably far more forms, 

 a': any rate of land-shells. But whilst the Bornean land-shells 

 are comparatively few in species, some of them reach a large size, 

 Helix brookeana, for instance, being of specially large dimensions ; 

 but it; should be mentioned that the South African species of 

 Achatina are also very large. 



Land crabs are common to both countries, and those formidable 

 jungle pests, the land leeches, occur in Sarawak, but are not to be 

 found in South Africa. Earth-worms are more abundant in 

 Sarawak, but none of the Bornean species can compare with the 

 giant forms of Cape Colony. As Mr. Swierstra points out, that 

 important function which belongs to the earthworm of Europe 

 in lifting and renewing the soil is here fulfilled to some extent 

 by the Termites. In the mangrove swamps of Sarawak a some- 

 what similar function i-, served by a large crab, the Thalassina 

 anornala, which brings up thick mud from the wet ^substrata, 



