4 ART. Kt. — T. TER ADA. 



knife-edge. For the bamboo knife-edge an imbedded piece of horn, 

 whale bone, ivory, etc., is usually substituted to prevent wearing. 

 The back part of the upper end is rounded off with a slight incli- 

 nation backward, so that when the end is applied between the lower 

 lip and the chin, it may fit uniformly to the chin. The general 

 aspect of the embouchure may Ije seen in the annexed figures. 



Tlie interior of the pipe is cleared of the septa at the knots 

 and carefully varnished with reddish Japanese lacquer. In some 

 pipes, the septa are entirely removed, so that in the interior no 

 abrupt change of the section exists ; whereas, in other pipes, 

 the septa are imperfectly removed so that in the joint below each 

 knot, the section of the pipe is slightly narrowed. In any pipe, 

 the inner diameter decreases slightly toward the yov'OÄt<s/ at which 

 the section is narrowed somewhat abruptly. Below this contrac- 

 tion, the calibre is uniform, or gradually widens towards the 

 lower end, according to the fancy of the constructor. 



The lateral openings are generally of a circular or slightly 

 elliptical shape. Their areas are determined with some pro- 

 portion to the sectional area at the gorobnsi For many pipes 

 the third hole, counted from the lower 

 end, is made a little narrower than the 



.1 • 1 . il /V/r/,' Hole 



others, in order to secure the })ro2)er 

 tunin"-. The hole <>;iadually widens to- _ _ 



ward the inside, as shown in the annexed 



figure, which shows a portion of the I U^S'Xl 



longitudinal section of a pipe. (Jenerally, 

 the position and width of each hole slightly ditler for different 

 pipes, according to the irregularities of the sections. Irregu- 

 larities on -the inside of the lateral openings more or less affect 

 the pitch of overtones. 



