166 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 



cupric oxide, giving high initial pressures. Results below the eutectic points 

 are in agreement with those of Foote and Smith. 



The pressure-temperature equilibrium curves for the system cupric oxide, 

 cuprous oxide, oxygen have been estabUshed over the range (1) in which the 

 oxides remain solid below the eutectic point, and (2) above the eutectic point, 

 where cupric oxide remains the soUd phase up to 1233° C. 



The pressure and temperature of the quadruple (eutectic) point for the sys- 

 tem have been established from the intersection of these two curves. The 

 quadruple point lies at 1080.2" C. and 390 mm. pressure. 



The general direction of the equiUbrium curve for the system when cuprous 

 oxide remains the only solid phase has been indicated, and it has been proved 

 that, in accordance with theory, the equiUbrium pressure drops in this case 

 with rise in temperature. It has been shown that pure cupric oxide does not 

 melt without dissociation below 1233° C. 



(399) The problems of volcanology. Henry S. Washington. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 6, 



583-591 (1920). 



The general and most important problems presented by volcanology are 

 briefly discussed. They include both the problems pertaining to volcanology 

 proper and those related to other sciences, especially the sciences represented 

 by sections in the Geophysical Union. Some recommendations for lines of 

 work are made. 



In volcanology proper are suggested the need of a general catalogue of volca- 

 noes; a record of all eruptions and the study of their phenomena, and hence 

 the advisability of notification of impending or sudden eruptions so that they 

 may be studied from the beginning by volcanologists ; the investigation of 

 little-known volcanoes, especially of the Pacific ; the need of continuous study 

 of volcanoes, and hence the need of several volcano stations (such as those on 

 Kilauea and Vesuvius), where systematic and continuous records and obser- 

 vations may be made; the study of thermal gradients by borings at volcanoes 

 and also in non-volcanic localities. 



Various problems of volcanology are discussed as related to geodesy; 

 seismology (continuous study of volcanic earthquakes and tremors and changes 

 of level); meteorology (relation of eruptions to weather, barometer, etc., 

 also dust and "blue suns"); terrestrial magnetism (observations of electrical 

 and magnetic phenomena during eruptions) ; physical oceanography (sub- 

 marine eruptions, collection of volcanic data from ships' logs, study of deep- 

 sea deposits) ; geophysical-chemistry (formation, chemistry, and petrography 

 of lavas, study of volcanic gases and fumarole salts, etc.); effect of volcanic 

 gases and ashes on vegetation and reclamation; investigation of character 

 of lunar lavas (?) by study of their refractive indices by angle of polarization. 



(400) An outline of geophysical-chemical problems. Robert B. Sosman. Proc. Nat. 



Acad. Sci., 6, 592-601 (1920). 



This paper constitutes one of seven reports prepared for the American Geo- 

 physical Union and covering various phases of geophysics as distributed among 

 the seven sections of the Union. 



The subject-matter of geophysical chemistry may be defined as "the physi- 

 cal properties and chemical reactions of the substances and aggregates that 

 make up the earth." It may therefore be roughly divided into two parts: 



(A) properties and reactions of materials accessible at the earth's surface; 



(B) properties and reactions of materials in the earth's interior. Each of these 

 may again be subdivided as follows: (1) properties and reactions of individual 

 chemical substances, for example, the sihcate minerals; (2) properties and 



