ENEMIES OF THE PUPA 51 



It will be said that there were no guinea fowl or 

 francolins (save a single forest francolin) on the islands. 

 Nor have any evidences of the activities of such an 

 animal as a shrew been found on the breeding 

 grounds. The most important enemies, therefore, will 

 be insects, and accordingly efforts were made to breed 

 out from the pupae such enemies as the Chalcididae, 

 Hymenopterous parasites or " Ichneumon flies " of 

 minute size which lay their eggs in the immature stages 

 of other insects, particularly the eggs and pupae, as butter- 

 fly breeders know to their cost ! 



On Damba Island five thousand eix hundred pupae 

 were kept in boxes with closely fitting glass lids, but 

 not a single one yielded any Chalcids, although from the 

 pupa of another species of fly obtained with Tse-tse 

 pupae a species of Chalcid did emerge. 



However, I felt certain that Glossina pupae were attacked, 

 for occasionally an empty pupa case was found with the 

 minute circular hole in the shell through which the Chalcids 

 had emerged. At last, on Wema Isle in 1914, when Fiske 

 and I were opening numbers of pupae to observe the stage 

 of development, he found one filled with rows of little 

 white Chalcid pupae, looking like mummies with black 

 eyes. I obtained more pupae from that locality and 

 succeeded in rearing some of the Chalcids, which proved 

 to be a new species that has been named Syntomosphyrum 

 glossinae. 



It has been mentioned that some Glossina pupae were 

 found with the minute round hole made by the Chalcid, 

 but others are quite commonly found with holes of much 

 larger size and of jagged outline. I have never been 

 able to ascertain what is the insect responsible for this, 

 but in the case of the allied species Glossina morsifans, 

 a species of Mutilla (ant-like, wingless, fossorial Hymenop- 

 tera) has been found to be responsible. The female 

 Mutilla deposits her egg in the Glossina pupa, and its 



