232 THE COLOURATION OF INSECTS 



in the same way as in the Lycidae. In the clear winged 

 Hymenoptera the wings are tinted with orange, and, at 

 their tips, with black, so that when brought together 

 over the body they produce the Lycoid effect. Lycoid 

 beetles are numerous. I have met with them among 

 the families Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Cetoniidae, and 

 their closer Malacoderm relations, Lagriidae. Of Hymen- 

 optera, the fossorial Sphegidae and Pompilidae, true 

 wasps, and parasitic Braconidae, all had Lycoid repre- 

 sentatives on the islands ; also Hemiptera. 



A small moth, of family Lithosiidae, abounded among 

 long grass on Bugalla Isle, and as it rested with its wings 

 superimposed upon its back, the resemblance to a Lycid 

 was quite striking. This was less so in the case of a new 

 species of Zygaenid moth ^ which I was fortunate enough 

 to find. The wings were laid along the side of the body 

 in the usual Zygsenid manner, so that the fiat appearance 

 of the model beetle was lacking. Many of these Lycoids 

 could be found at the same time as the Lycid beetles 

 on the flowers of Haronga madagascariensis, a tree or 

 shrub very abundant on the islands, and known as the 

 " Gamboge " tree. 



The Lycid aposeme is not confined to Africa. Shelf ord^ 

 gives a long list of Lycoid insects met with in Borneo, 

 some of which are syn-aposematic, while others are 

 probably pseud-aposematic. 



Mimicry, using the term in its widest sense, it to be 

 found with every degree of relationship between the 

 insects concerned. I have drawn up a table, from examples 

 met on the islands, showing this graphically. At the top 

 of the column of species will be found the pair in which 

 model (uppermost) and mimic are as closely related as 

 possible, being members of the same genus. At the 

 bottom of the column model and mimic are as far apart 

 as members of the Phylum Arthropoda can be. Between 



^ Saliunca egeria. ^ A Naturalist in Borneo, p. 241. 



