EVEKGKEEN TREES IN WINTER. 323 



nucifera ; Fîmes parviflora ; Abies Veitchii ; Picea bicoloVy P. 

 hondoensis ; Larix leptolepis ; Abies Mariesii, A. sachalinensis ; 

 Picea ajaîiensis, P. Glehnii, etc., are found in the more northern 

 part. Mayr^^ counted 14 groups with 30 species of Coniferse 

 (Nadelholz) in all Japan, which shows their abundance. 



The leaves of these foliage trees are, with the exception of 

 Araliaceœ, generally lanceolate and of a smaller size, with an 

 entire or slightly serrated margin and a thick, hard and leathery 

 texture. Almost all of them are hairless and have a glossy upper 

 surface owing to the presence of a thick cuticular layer. As to 

 their anatomical structures both cuticula and epidermal walls are 

 tolerably well developed ; pallisade tissue generally consists of two 

 (Quercus glauca, Ternslrœmia japonica, etc.) or three (Thea 

 japonica, Pittosporum Tobira, Daphnifpliyllum macrojjodum, etc.) 

 layers of cells compactly arranged. Intercellular spaces are 

 diminished as is usually the case in xerophilous leaves ; while, 

 the deep depression of the stomata in the epidermis is not to be 

 found in the leaves of our evergreen trees. On the whole, it 

 seems that our indigenous evergreen trees, in contradistinction 

 to those in dry tropical or alpine regions, are less protected 

 against transpiration. 



For my experiments, I selected, from among numerous 

 species of trees belonging to different families, especially those 

 whose anatomical structures differed the most widely. Experiments 

 with cut-branches were made with materials found in the 

 Botanical Garden. The species of plants used in my experiments 

 were the following : — 



l)Mayr, Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Eeiches 1890. 



