THE MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO. 89 



according to K. Martin/"' post-Pliocene. A tectonic line, running 

 S. W. — N. E. at the east end of the island, carries three vol- 

 canoes, viz., the smoking Parampiiwan, Leworoh which exploded 

 in 1881, and Ilimandiri, besides Gunnng Api (G. Ija), which 

 is in the solfataric stage. 



Andonara is geologically speaking the exact repetition of 

 its western neighbour. Here we have the East Indian Stromboli, 

 called by the name of Pulu Komba. The reef-limestone of the 

 island is now considered by K. Martin^^' to be Quaternary, 

 though its age was fixed formerly as that of the Young Mio- 

 cene, ^^' supported by the occurrence in it of Clementia papyracea, 

 Gray, Cœlaria singularis Mart, and Hydonophora astrœoîdes, 

 Mart., but as the first of these still survives in the neighbouring 

 seas, its value as the leading fossil of the Miocene must be of 

 doubtful character. It should be remarked by the way that the 

 same fossil bivalve, from an unknown locality in Japan, is said 

 to be in the Museum at Leiden, brought there by v. Siebold. 

 Lately, occurrences of Clementia have been reported from several 

 localities in the Neocene of Japan, and one species is still living 

 near the entrance of the Bay of Tokyo. A footnote on page 136 

 in Wichmann's paper^^' has given rise to much bitter discussion 

 between Martin and Wich mann in the ^ Neues Jahrbuch für 

 Mineralogie,' etc., 1891-92. The latter^''* taking into considera- 

 tion the special stratigraphy of these coral limestones and their 

 very elevated position as raised reefs, entertains the view that 

 the coral-limestones, distributed as raised terraces nearly through- 



10) Op. cit. (9), Vn, 1890, p. 265. 



11) Loc. cit. 



12) ' Tertiärschichten auf Java.' p. ."fi. 



13) Loc. cit. (9). 



14) Tijdschr. v. h. Kon. Nederl.^Anrdrijksk. Om.,lJaa)-gan(j, 1892, p. 243. 



