112 B. KOTO : THE GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF 



1861. The active Gamma Kunorra exploded in 1673, spreading 

 ashes even to the distant Sangir group ; and Ternate, which 

 had shown activity in 1840, experienced a violent explosion also 

 in August, 1673. Makian, Ternate, and the Gamma"--' Kunorra 

 are the trillings of the Moluccan volcanoes. K. Martin*^^^ quotes 

 in his recent work, Valentijn's words : * Man meint auch, dass 

 dieser Berg (in Makian) nebst demjenigen von Ternate und dem 



Gammacanorre , nur ein und dasselbe Grundfeuer haben, 



welches aus drei verschiedenen Oefen ausbricht und ausdampft. 

 Bald glüht der Eine etwas stärker, bald wieder der andre.' 

 The chain of volcanoes of the Molucca fissure, which we have 

 so far traced, seems to touch Kaboroan of the Talaur group, 

 whence it proceeds to Namusa, in which is situated the extinct 

 volcano Mengampit. The prolongation of this line goes through 

 Cape S. Augustin to the volcano Apo in Mindanao, where the 

 volcanic chain of the Sangir fissure from North Celebes unites 

 with this tectonic line. 



The Philippine Islands. 



Within the great Malayan arc, we have seen, there are 

 three large, homologous islands, Borneo, Celebes, and Gilolo, 

 besides a number of dependent isles, forming an island-world in 

 South-east Asia, attaining almost continental dimension. If, 

 therefore, the claim of Australia to be the fifth division of the 

 globe is admitted, A\^allace,'"^ would ask for this great archipelago 

 that it be called the sixth. 



""■ The Burmese word yoma and the Muluccan gamma seem to me to be in close 

 plionetic relation with our yama, meaning a mountain. 



(59) ' Reisen in den Molukken ', Geologischer Theil, l"'*^ Lieferung, 1897. 



70) Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of Loudon, Vol. XXXIII, p. 219. 



