EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 599 



I asked him why he raised her, and he said he never looked at that; 

 he had never seen it. 



Now, when a calf passes muster, then we keep it, but do not forget 

 that their value as cows will depend largely upon their treatment for 

 the first two years. They must be well cared for. After the first few 

 months it is better to turn them out and let them work a little 

 for their feed; it helps to develop them. They should have a large 

 stomach, for it shows great storage capacity, even if it makes them 

 appear pot-bellied. They must have a place where to carry the feed. 

 I was at Moorestown, New Jersey, last winter, to see a herd of cattle 

 that were large producers. I saw nothing abnormal about the cows ex- 

 cept that they all seemed unusually large, and that many of the two- 

 year-old heifers were larger than those two and a half and three years 

 old as usually seen of that breed. I could not understand it until they 

 told me that they fed those calves on milk until the were a year old. 



Now, then, we have selected our stock, and are breeding along that 

 line year after year. We have found what we want, and we will go on 

 breeding along that line, and in ten or twelve years we will have a herd 

 that is nearly equal to pure bred. They are really pure bred, only they 

 can't be registered. When we are adding to our stock we will get In 

 one or two good pure bred females, and at the end of ten or twelve 

 years we will have a herd of fine, pure bred stock, and when we come 

 to sell them we can get better prices for them. 



Now, all good cows have certain points. What are they? To show them 

 I have had the picture made. It is a very fair picture of a good grade 

 cow I had. First, let us see the characteristics of the cow of way back. 

 Now, the cow that Adam had after he left horticulture, was not much of a 

 cow. What was she? Well, she was fitted for her work. She had 

 to live out in the jungle, and fight for her existence with the 

 wild beasts, and it was a case of the survival of the fittest. 

 She had to fight her way through the heavy brush and overhanging 

 trees. Let us see her characteristics: A small barrel, for she had only 

 what food she found closed ribbed for protection; a small udder; a 

 short neck and heavy horns, characteristic of the fighter. We should 

 call that a very sorry cow, but she was probably the best suited to the 

 times and her environment. Now, as to the points of the good cow: 

 We cannot fail to be impressed by her girth through here (the body), 

 by the large nostril, and bright eye. The animal that has a prominent 

 and snappy bright eye is the one that is likely to have a good consti- 

 tution. The large wide nostril means a good pair of lungs; and a heart 

 that is doing its duty. Then we have the thin head, with light horn, 

 and prominent pointed shoulder; the sharp, not flat back, widespread 

 at the haunch, to insure easy delivery of the calf; ribs well set; high 

 pelvic arch, long tail. What has the tail to do with It? Only this, 

 that tail Is the extension of the spinal column, and a long tall Indicates 

 a strong nerve force. 



We can just as well breed good udders and easy milkers as the con- 

 trary. I have to-day descendants of the fourth generation of easy 

 milking cow, and they have all more or less of her tendencies. Then I 



