1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 25 



fused with radius at base ; cross-vein angulate. The curious stigma 

 below v., is attended by a rounded retreat of the vein, which is here 

 slightly swollen. On comparing this type with that of Heliconius 

 it is seen to be the more generalized. To separate Danaus from 

 Limnas we must encroach apparently upon specific characters. 



Libytheidce. — Vein iii^ to costa before apex ; cross-vein partially 

 degenerate ; vein iv_, on primaries central, on secondaries radial ; 

 vein viii of fore wings strongly developed as in Limnadidae. Outline 

 similar to Polygonia. On secondaries the cross- vein reaches vein 

 ivg just immediately before cubitus. Specialization here almost 

 like the Pararginae. This isolated group, with its strongly devel- 

 oped labial palpi, cannot be referred to the stem of the Nymphalidae 

 proper (in sensu iniJii) on account of the position of iii4 and the 

 presence of viii of primaries. It must be referred back on an in- 

 dependent line to the matrix from which the "brush-footed" but- 

 terflies originally sprang. It is now a specialized form as is seen 

 by the extent of absoption of ii and iii, on hind wings, to the 

 point of issuance of i, thus equaling the Pararginae. 



NemeobiidcB. — Not a typical *' brush-foot," but with the fore feet 

 reduced in the male on the Riodinid type. Special examinations 

 of this structure are needed to bring out the points clearly. Wings 

 of the Pieri-Nymphalid pattern, not of the Lycseni-Hesperid. 

 Radius five-branched, generalized. It is thus impossible to bring 

 the butterfly into the Lycseni-Riodinid series in which the radius 

 is specialized, three to four-branched, while the other neurational 

 features contradict the supposition that it could represent a gener- 

 alized type of the series. The neuration runs parallel with Liby- 

 thea and the resemblances lie between this butterfly and Pieris. 

 Vein iii4 seems to join costa just before apex. Cross-vein entire, 

 cells closed; "on fore wings vein ivo is central, on hind wings radial. 

 Vein viii of primaries seems to be degenerate and I represent it by 

 dots in my original figure. Subsequent studies lead me to believe 

 it wholly or partially tubular. Veins ii and iii of secondaries at 

 base fused nearly to point of issuance of i, hence nearly as special- 

 ized as Libythea, much more so than in any Riodinid or Lycaenid 

 yet examined. When writing my original paper (in 1896) I failed 

 to note that the family Nemeobiidse had been recognized, though 

 I have found no description and the study of the neuration seems 

 to have been neglected. To unite this butterfly with the Lycaeni- 

 Hesperid branch appears to me a physiological impossibility. It 



