206 



THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



(Ja.n 



lumps at tlic toe and heel. A machine known as a "pounder" 

 finishes off the bottom, bufting away the rough edges and re- 

 moving the three lacks which hold the insole to the last. A 

 different type of cementing machine cements the bottom, and 

 the shoes are dried on racks before the oulsole is applied. 



The outsole is put on by a recently invented sole-laying ma- 

 chine. By working a foot lever a cushion consisting of layers 

 of vulcanized rubber presses the sole on the shoe after the man- 

 ner of a vise. The cushion of rubber applies uniform, direct 

 pressure to the entire surface of the sole and envelopes it so 

 that it can be used for rolled and semi-rolled edge outsoles. A 

 machine "stitcher" linishes off the job. and the shoe is ready 

 to be vulcanized. 



Manufacturers have found thai the yield of ".seconds" from 

 machine-made arctics is much lower than from the hand-made 

 product. Uniform pressure of machine rolling on the foxings 

 and outsole is responsible for this, as blistering owing to light 



The man is apnlyint; the outsole on a sole layini 

 is the machine for cementing the insole. Shoes on the rack are ready 

 to be outsoled. 



rolling has been eliminated. The two, four and six-buckle arctics 

 involve no new problems of manufacture, the only difference 

 being in the construction of the upper. The same lasts are 

 used with an ankle piece fastened on. 



This is the first process in the history of the rubber shoe 

 business by which arctics have been made by machinery. It 

 will be interesting to watch further developments in this field. 

 for the introduction of machinery will undoubtedly make for 

 standardization and increased production in rubber shoes of 

 all varieties. 



NUMBER CF EMPLOYES, TOTAL PRODUCTION AND CRUDE 

 RUBBER CONSUMED IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY 1917-1918. 



The request <if The Rubber Association of America for informa- 

 tion was answered this year by only 103 out of 452 manufacturers, 

 but these represented 7i per cent of the rubber output in 1917; 

 the same percentage is therefore employed in estimating the totals 

 for 1918. The number of employes reported by the minority 

 was 151,078 in 1917 and 148.787 in 1918 a diminution of 3,896 

 or 1.88 per cent. Applying this percentage to the total number 

 reported in 1917 gives 203,818 as the total number of employes 

 in 1918. 



The 103 manufacturers sold $819,159,105 worth of goods as 

 compared with $654,948,376 in 1917, an increase of 26.4 per cent. 

 Applying the same method to the computation of the total sales 

 we obtain $1,122,135,760 as the estimate for 1918 compared with 

 the $895,816,248 reported for 1917. It inay be noted that the 

 product of the 103 .in 1918 is very nearlv equal to the total product 

 of 1917. 



The total amount of crude rubber used in 1918, 322,606,605 

 pounds, was only a little over 5 per cent more than the 306,113.652 

 pounds consumed in 1917. About an eighth less rubber was used 

 for casings under 6 inches, 140,021,023 pounds instead of 162,- 

 643,482 pounds in 1917, while the quantity put into solid tires 

 doubled, 50,024,166 pounds instead of 25,055,673 pounds in 1917, 

 while that employed for other tires and tire sundries increased 

 by two-fifths, 14,221,023 pounds as compared with 9,983,195. 



While the total amount of rubber used for tires increased 

 slightly, 237,168.347 pounds in 1918 and 233,386,796 pounds in 

 1917, the quantity used for other rubber goods was greater rela- 

 tively, so that the proportion of rubber for tires was a shade 

 under three-fourths of the total in 1918 instead of a little above 

 as in 1917. The increase in boots and shoes was about a sixth, 

 31.468.843 pounds; that in mechanical goods very slight, 22,101,528 

 pounds and tjiat in other products almost a third, 31,897,887 

 pounds. 



BRITISH COTTON TRADE DEALS. 



With regard to the recent cotton trade deals, it is of interest 

 to note the connection of some of the moving spirits with the 

 rubber industry. It is well known that the Dunlop Rubber Co., 

 Limited, has its own spinning and weaving mills in Lancashire, 

 so it is not altogether surprising that it is closely concerned with 

 the Amalgamated Cotton Trust which was formed in October, 

 1918, to acquire certain mills. The first report of this company, 

 issued in November, showed a profit of £114,416. This trust 

 owns twenty mills and is linked up through one or another 

 of its directors with the Dunlop Rubber Co., Limited, the Tyre 

 Investment Trust and the Austin Motor Co. 



A. L. Ormrod, who is on the board's financial advisory com- 

 mittee, is chairman of the Dunlop Rubber Co., Limited, and W. 

 T. Glover & Co., Limited, and a director of the Tyre Invest- 

 ment Trust, while Wilfrid Dawson, also on the committee, is 

 a director of the Dunlop company and of the Tyre Investment 

 Trust. Harvey du Cros, a director of the Amalgamated Cotton 

 Trust, is director of the Austin Motor Co., while another di- 

 rector, S. W. Copley, is the owner of a small rubber works 

 among his various other and more important interests. That 

 South African mining and finance are in the cotton mill trans- 

 fer is seen by the names of A. R. Stephenson, manager of 

 Barnalo Brothers, and S. B. Joel. 



It is obvious that the sellers of the concern recognize that 

 increased capital is necessary in order to finance the business 

 at the present high price of materials and that building exten- 

 sion will cost far more in the future than in the past. 



REACTIONS OF ACCELERATORS DURING VUL- 

 CANIZATION." 



Hy C. IV. Bedford and iriiificld Scott. 



THE HIGHEST POWERED ORG.\Nic .\CCELER-\T0RS known to-day are 

 the carbon bisulphide reaction products of strong organic 

 bases. Perhaps the best example is the piperidine salt of 

 piperidyl-dithiocarbamic acid. 



Due to the strong basic nature of piperidine. this salt is stable 

 and may be isolated as such. Strong aliphatic bases such as 

 dimethylamine also give stable dithiocarbamates which are very 

 powerful accelerators. 



Thiocarbanilide, which is perhaps the most widely used com- 

 mercial accelerator, is formed by the same mechanism of reaction, 

 there first being formed the aniline salt of phenyl-dithiocarbamic 

 acid. 



This aniline salt is extremely unstable due to the weak basic 

 properties of aniline and cannot be isolated as such. The am- 

 monium salt of this phenyl-dithiocarbamic acid may be isolated 



'Published by courtesy of the American Chemical Society. Paper read 

 before the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society, Philadelphia, 

 Pennsylvania, September 2 to 6, 1919. 



