18 FREDERICK S. BREED 



behavior was noticed in other chicks. For example, no. 14, 

 the day after it was hatched, when on the experiment table 

 for the first time, was pushed toward the edge. It resisted by 

 bracing its legs in front of itself and hurried back from the 

 edge as soon as it was released. 



The summarized record of no. 8 is as follows: — 



I— 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2-2-1-1— 1-1-4-1-1 

 2-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2-2-3-1-2-1-1-3-3-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1- 

 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2-2-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1- 

 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2-1-1-1-2-2-2-3-2-2-3-1-1-3-1-1-1-1-1 



-2-3-3-3-1-2-2-2-1-2-2-1-3. 



Attention has been called to the fact that the chick pecked 

 the cardboard at a place where no particular spot or grain was 

 discerned by the experimenter. Not only that, but, like a child 

 repeating da-da, it sometimes continued with a rapid succession 

 of reactions at or near the same place. Twenty-five of the long 

 series of I's, immediately following the third 3 in the record 

 above, represent such pecks at the bare card. They came out 

 in three groups, first 2, then 18, and after an interval the other 

 5. To see a chick hammering in this way 18 times in rapid 

 succession, and hard, too, at apparently " nothing," reminds 

 one of the mere exercise of a function, and suggests what Bald- 

 win has termed the circular reaction. 



A comparison, in regard to accuracy, of no. 8's record, with 

 the numerous records which will be presented later, will show 

 that this chick was below the average efficiency in its first test. 

 It is not unusual to find normally kept chicks that do not make 

 a single swallowing reaction in the first twenty trials on their 

 second day, and chicks sometimes fail at this age to seize a 

 single grain in the same number of trials, but I have found only 

 one in the regular tests that failed to strike at least one grain 

 in the first twenty reactions. There were instances in these first 

 tests in which the side of the chick's bill touched the side of 

 the object as the bill slowly passed and hit the cardboard. These 

 were recorded as I's, here and elsewhere. 



Naturally, after being kept 56.5 hours prior to the tests under 

 the conditions previously described, the chick's do^vn was ruffled 

 and it lacked the general sleek appearance of its unconfined 

 mates. Whether it was deficient in anything else but the results 



