Slade.] 50 [March 15, 



Africa has most markedly increased its output, and in 1893 became the 

 third producing portion of the world, the output being almost entirely in 

 South Africa. While in 1891 Africa produced 23,687 kilograms = $15,- 

 743,400, this had increased, in 1893, to 44,096 kilograms = $29,305,800, 

 and it is probable this output will be greatly increased in the near future. 



Of the remaining large gold-producing countries the output for 1893 is 

 estimated to be as follows : 



United States 54,100 kilograms = $35,955,000 



Australia 53,698 " = 35.688,600 



Russia 39,805 " = 26,454,400 



It is thus apparent that Africa has surpassed Russia. 



With the greatly increased output of gold, the fields known to be rich 

 but still undeveloped (South Africa, Australia and South America), and 

 with the downward tendency of silver, it seems impossible that bi-metal- 

 lism can exist for any length of time in the near future, even by the con- 

 sent of all the nations of the globe. Gold may be made the circulating 

 medium, or silver may be ; but with the continual disparity in value 

 between the two metals, which is not constant but varying daily, the two 

 can only coexist in subsidiary coinage, where they are mere tokens. 



The fact is frequently lost sight of that gold and silver are only articles 

 •of merchandise like wheat, cotton or iron, and intrinsically are of less 

 lvalue than any of the three latter. A coin only means that the country 

 whose stamp it bears guarantees it to be of a certain weight and to con- 

 tain a certain percentage of gold or silver. Common agreement has 

 made these articles of merchandise the means of paying balances, as a 

 matter of convenience. 



The Significance of tJie Jugal Arch. 



By Daniel Denison Slade. 



( Read before the American Philosophical Society, March 15, 1895. ) 



It is difficult to explain why that portion of the mammalian cranium 

 which presents so prominent and striking a feature, even to the most 

 careless observer, as does the jugal or zj^gomatic arch, should not have 

 been considered worthy of more extended scientific notice than it has re- 

 ceived. Cuvier, in his admirable treatise, Anatomie Comparee, seems 

 to have been the only writer, familiar to us, who has comprised the 

 anatomy and physiology of this region in any lengthy description. 



While the present paper does not pretend to have, by any means, ex- 

 hausted the subject, it claims to have brought together for the first time, 

 under the light of modern science, a concise statement of the chief 

 modifications which the arch undergoes in the various orders of the Mam- 

 malia. 



