1895.] ^'^ [Slade. 



local, and entirely apart from the general type. Thus, in every race, 

 cases occur in which the zygomatic process of the squamosal, instead of 

 joining directly with the malar, hends outwards and then resumes the 

 general characteristic direction of the arch, whetlier this be straight or 

 gently curved. The greatest width under tlie circumstances falls upon 

 the summit of the bend, which causes the measurement to be unduly 

 augmented." 



As a result of the measurements taken upon the crania of the Africans 

 in the collection of the Peabody Museum, and of the Harvard medical 

 school, there was a slight iacrease in the bizygomatic breadth over those 

 of other mixed European skulls. But no dependence should be put in 

 such measurements, for although in one collection the crania were classi- 

 fied in general as African, nothing was known of their history, and still 

 less of those with which they were compared. 



Tables given by Topinard, Flower, and others, of the bizygomatic 

 breadth compared with the total length of the face, apparently do not sup- 

 port the statement of Mr. Humphrey. A more satisfactory method of 

 ascertaining the truth of the point in question would be to obtain by meas- 

 urement the actual width of the groove in the upper surface of the poste- 

 rior root of the zygoma, of the African skull and compare this with that of 

 other races. This can be properly effected by taking first the bizygomatic 

 breadth and then the bisquamosal at the most prominent point on the 

 line of suture between the squamosal and alisphenoid ; the difference 

 between the measurements would give the breadth of groove. 



Cuvier reminds us that the size of the temporal fossa and its muscle 

 have close relation with the age of the animal. In the young, the brain 

 and its case are developed, but the jaws are small, and the forces which 

 move them are wanting in energy. But with age these last are developed, 

 while the intellectual powers constantly diminish. In civilized man, the 

 equilibrium is maintained between the growth of the brain-case, the intel- 

 lectual powers and the masticatory organs. Can any relation, however 

 remote, be traced between the developed masticatory powers of the unciv- 

 ilized negro, and the flattened squamosal of his brain case as described by 

 Mr. Humphrey? 



The Anthropomorpha have strong jugal arches, longer than in man, 

 and presenting marked horizontal and vertical curvatures. Although, 

 strictly speaking, it is composed of only two bones — the zygomatic pro- 

 cess of the squamosal and the jugal, this last rests upon a process of the 

 maxilla so much developed, that in many cases it might be rightfully con- 

 sidered as entering into the formation of the arch. The suture which 

 joins the squamosal and jugal is long and serrated, its great inclination 

 downwards and backwards vastly increasing the strength of the parts as 

 also the power of resistance. 



In the gorilla, the arch is relatively broader and more developed than in 

 the other higher apes. The process of the squamosal presents a sudden 

 vertical convexity upon its upper border, at a point corresponding to the 



