Hydrography. 



17 



I ho salter water floAvs in one year than another, which ap'ain one mig-ht 

 ;K-L'Ount for, as tlie curve for ."54 pro niilio in tiio corresponding- part 

 of tiie Vest Fionl reached iiiiilier one year tiian tlie otiier. How- 

 ever nothing certain can be said on tiiis point. 



There is another tiord, the Ostncs Fioid. w hidi from the Vest 

 Fiord goes into Ostvaagii. and this liord is of far more importance 

 economically speaking tliaii tlic two Hords just mentioned on Hinno. 

 Tn the 0)stnes Fiord there is ol'tcii very good cod fishing. 



The greatest depth which was measured in isii'.i was 140 

 meters just opposite lleUc in the oiitei' part of the tiord. Respec- 

 ting the hydrographieal conditions refer to the tables nrs. 207—234, 

 iiSl— li;)4. 



The Kirk Fiord stretches in to Moskeueso from the Vest 

 Fiord. The greatest depth we measured on 'Va 1S99, a little 

 way from the mouth of the Vor Fiord inwards, was 130 meters. 

 From 0—100 m. here the temperature rose fi'om 2.0 to 2.7, while 

 tile salinity increased from 33.lti to 33.48. 



At Station II in the inner half of the tiord tiic rise in tem- 

 perature and salinity was respectively (from 0—50 m.) 1.5 — 2.5 and 

 32.95-33.40. Ville the tables nrs. 420—425. In the Vest Fiord 

 at the same time (11 miles iSE of Reine) the temperature at a 

 depth of 100 m. was (;.5 and salinity 34.52. 



In the Mai ang Fiord, I have only observations from the 

 deepest part between Senjen and Kval(3. But I have two sets of 

 observations taken on -7i and '-/4 1899 respectively. 



It is interesting to compare these, nrs. 182—195, 757—767). 



In this fiord just as at several other places in the month of 

 .January, there was on -"/i a homogenous layer from the surface 

 to a depth of 100 m. with a temperature of 2.9 and a salinity of 

 33.92. From 120 — 350 m. the temperature rose from 3.0 to 5.5 

 and salinity from 33.97 to 34.52. On ^'A the conditions were con- 

 siderably altered. As one would expect, the cooling of the surface 

 layers was still farther advanced. The upper 50 m. had a tempe- 

 rature of l.H, which is equal to more than one degree's fall. 



There is nothing remarkable in this, but more unexpected was 

 ir to find that the temperatuix> at a depth of 350 m. had fallen 

 from 5.5 to 4.1. 



Such a considerable change of temperature at such a great 

 depth has not previously been observed in our fiords. 



Neither can it be explained as the result of a cooling process, 

 by which the layers of water have given off heat to the atmosphere. 

 Tlie most likely solution of this problem is that this change is 

 occasioned by an undercurrent from the ocean. A hint in this 

 direction is also given by the fact that tiie salinity was also some- 

 what higher. 



Measurements in the Lyngen Fiord (-'/i and ^5 1899) also 

 furnish interesting examples of a considerable change in hydro- 

 graphical conditions. AMth regard to tiic deptJis in this fiord it 

 should be mentioned that we sounded lis — 125 m. opposite Ski- 

 botten; 250 m. outside the mouth of the Kaa Fiord; 200 m. op- 

 posite Spokenes, and 320 m. between outer Gamvik and the north 

 ]ioint of Ulo. Thus it appears that Lyngen, like the majority of 

 tlie northern fiords, is deepest in the outer part. 



Observations made on -"/i (nrs- 155 — 162) at station L. II 

 show a remarkable uniformity from the surface to the bottom. 



At the next station the state of things was still more remark- 

 able (nrs. 163—173), as the temperature decreased from the sur- 

 face downwards. This is exactly contrary to what is usual in the 

 fiords in the winter, and I therefore call it the reversed win- 

 ter state. At station L. Ill too. there was an indication of some- 



thing similar, the temperature at a depth of 150 m. being 3.4 and 

 at 200 m. 2.9 (nrs. 174-181). But on the other hand on "Vr, the 

 state of tilings in the same liord was altogether different. On this 

 date at station L. I there was an inequality, both in temperature 

 and .salinity (nrs. 861—860), and at st. L. II the usual winter 

 state, with quite an even rise in the temperature from the surface 

 downwards (nrs. 868-875). The same conditions were also found 

 at St. L. Ill') (nrs. 875—884). The question now arises how can 

 the unusual distribution of heat which was found at st. L. II on 

 ^7i (tlie reversed winter state) be explained. As, however, tiie 

 case here nieiitioned is not an isolated one, I will not give my theory 

 to explain it. until 1 have described the other similar cases. In 

 the Kvænang Fiord we took soundings between LokO and P.ry- 

 nilen at a depth of 150 m., between Spilderen and the south main- 

 land at a depth of 180 m. Between Spilderen and the north main- 

 land 343 m. was sounded, and it is probable that this is tiie grea- 

 test fall in the bed of the Kvænang Fiord. Further in the fionl 

 near the island Noklan the depth was only 90 m., and in the JOkel 

 Fiord which joins the Kvænang on the north 110 m. were reached 

 on the border of the ice right in at the end of the fiord close to 

 the glacier. This depth was also reached just outside the Tver 

 Fiord. Measurements on =Vi 1899 at K. I and II (nrs. 135 — 154) 

 showed a remarkable uniformity in the temperature and salinity of 

 the layers of water. This uniformity was also found on '"A- To 

 verify this the values are compared in the following table. It 

 should be noticed that K. I on -Vi = K. I on *74- 



Kvænangen 70" 1' N., 21° 28'.5 E. 

 Between Spilderen and the southern mainland. 



From this table it will be seen that from -\ i to the '''/4 there 

 was a cooling in the upper 120 m. of nearly 2°, and that during 

 the same period the salinity increased. 



The slight irregularity found in the observations on '-'A (nrs. 

 803 — 810) is probably to be accounted for by some process of mix- 

 ing. On the other hand, the physical conditions in the Jokel 

 Fiord are particularly uniform (nrs. 794—802) with a low temjie- 

 rature and a rather high salinity. 



The depths in the Porsanger Fiord are well known, as it 

 has been sounded long ago. According to the sea chart the maxi- 

 mum depth 150 f. (282.37 m.) is reached in the mouth between 

 Sværholtklubben and Heines on Magero. Hence and inwards to 



