Siphonophora. 



DijiJll/rs iin-linl. ClirN. 



It is very iiitcivsIiiiL; to l>c alil<' In class this ai-ctic siplioniiiiiHir 

 ainoiiu- tliu Norwf.i^'iau fauna, as it is IooUihI upon as l)i'iii^- a tvpical 

 or leadiiitr ort-anism of tlie cold curroiits'i. 



C. Ciirx writes in tiiis connection: ..I)ii)lii/c)< (irrlien is{ c'uw 

 liocinionlisciie i-'oiin. welciie in alien wannen Stromgebicten fehlt 

 und i^fiade walnend der kiiltesten .ialn-es/.fit (von .laniiar bis Miliz) 

 in der iiaftins-liai liiiutitr erscheint." 



A ei)n)i)iete list of the distribntion of this sjiecies as far as 

 tiien known is dven by V\ !\(imi:u-'|. i5oth UiijiEU and Ciius liavc 

 specially emphasized the fart that this species is not found on the 

 Scandinavian coasts, lint this is no longer a fact; for in the winter 

 of liMKi. 1 foiniil F.iiAoxia arctica at the followiiiL;- places: — 

 ■. I'.MKi. The Skjerstad Fiord \'ll. o I'.iii m. 

 " i — The Folden Fiord J, ;iO()— 400 m. 



1 availed myself of Prof. Chin's excellent descriptions and 

 drawings, in ..Die .Slphonophorcn der Plankton-Expedition" (Se Tab. 

 I, Fig. (i), when identifying these specimens. 



Tlie bracts were of precisely the same shape, and there was 

 the same arranii-ement of the canals, but there were no eggs in the 

 gonophor. So L think that there can be no doubt that Diphyes 

 areti-ii also belongs to the Norwegian fauna; this does not, how- 

 ever, necessarily weaken Chun's opinion with regard to the zoo- 

 gcograpliical character of this species. True the temperature at the 

 l)lace where I found it in T'he Folden Fiord w^as Q°.(i C. and salinity 

 about ;!.") pro mille, liut so many of the relict organisms from the 

 glacial period liave adapted themselves to the physical conditions 

 in which they tind themselves in a corresponding manner to the 

 case here under considei'ation. 



Vtipulita sarsi. Haeckel. 

 Agah)ioi)si>i ihijnns, M. Sars (pavt), Fauna littoralis Xurvegiae (1846). Part 1. 



p. 32, pi. V, figs. 1— (), pi. YI. 

 CKpnlitn Kfirsi, Haeckel, Siphonophora (1888) Challenger Eeport, Vol. XXVIII, 

 p. 2.34, .8(i7. 

 — K. T. Browne. The Fauna anil Flora i>f Valencia Harbour. 



R. I. A. Proc. Sev. III. Vol. V, p. (178. 

 Agalmripnis ckycnis, Nordgaaed, Some Hydrograpliieal Eesults. Berg. Mus. 

 .\arbog 1899, no. VIU, pag. 25. 



.\s is well known Michael Sari»; in 1840 gave a detailed 

 desciiption with drawings of Siphonophora collected at Floro (61" 

 ;iO' N.I including Ai-inhvuims elegans. Concerning this Haeckel 

 writes in isss- ). ..The genus Agalmopsh was de.scribed very accu- 

 rately by Saus in 1S46, and illustrated by excellent figures. The 

 North Atlantic Agalmidæ, however, which are represented in his 

 pis. V and VI, belong to two (or even three?) dittcrcnt genera. 

 The tirst foi'm, figured in pi. \'. has simple terminal tilaments of 

 the tcntilla. and belongs therefore to the genus CujniJita. 



The second form, i-epresented in pi. \'I. has tricornuate tentilla, 

 with an odd terminal vesicle and two jiaired lateral horns. This 

 form may i-etain the original name Ai/idmops/s rhy/oix and lepresent 

 the type of this genus.'' 



After a careful examination of the description and drawings 

 given by Michael Sars of Agalmopsis elegans one will certainly 

 egi-ee that Haeckel is right in dividing into two genera. P.ut, on 



') Die Siphonophoren der Plankton-E.xpeditiou, p. 20. 

 -) Die Siphonophoren (Fauna arctica, II B., p. 174). 

 •') Challenirer Report. Vol. XXVIU. p. 2:!4. 



the other hand. I have come to a ditferent coiiclMsion with rcL'ard 

 to SAii>'s li-iircs ,is applieil to the two genera. 



On Saks's pi. V the W'.'s. o and represent tentilla .,\vith a 

 spiral cnidoband. enveloped by a cainpaniilate involu(Te'"), and these, 

 as well as tig. 1 show that the tentilla have simple terminal fil- 

 aments, con.secpiently they iilu.strate a .sjtecies of Cupulild. Hut pi. V, 

 tig.s. 7 and H represent tentilla with a terminal anipnlia and two 

 horns, .ind tlie.se are characteri.stic of tlie genus Agahnoiisi»: Neither 

 can il be correct as Haeckkl mentions (1. c. p. 3(>7) that pi. VI 

 hi Sai;s'> work, rejircsents Agnlvwiifi.s ilvgans. 



(In pi. VI fig. I the tentilla arc drawn partly with, and jiartly 

 without terminal tilaments. FiL'. 10, on the .same pi. gives a detailed 

 drawing of the laller kind. ,iiid this has given lise to the thoiiglil 

 that Sars possibly had a lliird genus under examination when pre- 

 paring his aeeount. Thei-e is. however, no Ioniser any rca.son for 

 this supposition. In li^''. I llio tentilla without leiniinal filament are 

 drawn smallei' than those which are furnished with the terminal fil- 

 ament, and it is reasonable to conclude that the former represent 

 them in course of development, if one compares pi. VI fig. 10 in 

 Saks s work with pi. II fig. S in Fewkes'-) a .striking re.semblance 

 will be noticed. Fkwkes describes his fig. as representing an ..em- 

 bryonic tentacular kiud)" of Ciqmlitu ( Ximumia) cant, A. Aoassiz. 



It may surely be eoiisidored certain that Sars's fig. 10 repre- 

 sents a corresponding condition in Ciijnilifu xtiitii. This must be a 

 Ciipulifa and not an Agalniojinis, for the tentilla which are developed 

 are furnished with a terminal filament. 



Thus il will be soon that Sai:s's docriptions and drawings 

 almost exclusively are of I he organism which Haeckel das desig- 

 nated Cupulita siirt<i, as only iil. V, figs. 7 and s can be considered 

 as representing Agubnopsh elegans, M. Sars. 



According to E. T. Uhown C. Snrsi is found on the west coast 

 of Ireland (Valentia Harbour). As before mentioned, Saks made 

 his collection at Floro. 



I have observed this sjiecies in Moskenstrommen ('A 189it) 

 in Tromso Sound (-'Vi 180!)). at Lyngen II (-'"/i 1899), at Kvæn- 

 angen 11 ('''4 iso'.ii. in the .lokel Fiord (-"A 1899), at Kvænangen 

 (■-'/4 ismi) in llaninierfest Harbour (--/4 1899). At all the.se places 

 they were found in great numbers neai' the surface of the water. 

 Hammerfest is as far as is now known, the northernmost limit for 

 Cupiilitd sarsi. 



The (|uestion naturally suogcsts it.self as to whether ('Kjndita 

 sarsi and ( '. fara are one and the same. 



To throw liLiht on this point. I have compared both M. Sarss 

 and Fewkks' (1. c. p. iM-! l'l':'.. pis. 1. II. IIII) descriptions and 

 drawings. There is a considerable coincidence w itb regard to figures 

 representing general appearance (Fewki> jil. I. Saks pi. V fig. 1 

 and pi. VI fio-. 1). 



There is similarity with regard to the a|)i)earance of the adult 

 tentilla ( F. pi. II ivj. '•• and S. pi. 5 fig. 5, 0) and the resemblance 

 between the embryonic tentacular knobs (F. pi. II fig. 8. S. pi. 0, 

 fig. 10) I have already mentioned. On the other hand, the tasters 

 (hydrocystæ) ajipear to differ. Fewkes describes them (1. c. p. 218) 

 as follows: — „They (the tasters) ari.se directly from the stem, and 

 are destitute of a basal jjeduncle. The distal extremity is closed." 

 PL II W'j:. 7 answers in every detail to this description. On com- 

 paring with this S. pi. 5 fig. 2, .3, where the tasters are described 



•) Haeckel (loco citato p. 233). 



=) On certain Medusæ from New Kngland 1888. Bull. Comp. Zool. (Ha 

 vard, Mass.), V.il. Xlll. 



