Combinntiou. 



L'.Jo 



Notes on the animal life in some of the (lords examined. 



In tlic small Hords surroniKiiug 8aiKlhoino, a Ibw (lro(i<,'-inj,'-s 

 were made, and the result was so far satisfactoiT as to enable us 

 to form an opinion of the cliaraeter of the animal life in these 

 liords. Of annelides, the followinir were noticed: — Hannotlior 

 iiiipar. LcjiiduiiulKs cinviis, PhijUoduiv mactihita. N('iihtli;/s ciliatn, 

 X. cocca, ())ii(i)liis conch i/lcf/a, Lcodicc itorrcj/irn, Areiiicoln marina, 

 Potnniilla nviilecta. FiH(jranu imidcja, Stcrnaains fosnor. In „fjaM'en" 

 near tSund farm, several specimens of Echhims paUasi were taken. 



Of echinoderms') were taken e. g. Ctcnodiscnn cnspatus and 

 Solaatcr syrteHsif, and of brachiopods and molluscs: — TeieJnatulina 

 caput serpentit:, T. scptcntrionali^: Pcctcn wJandicas. P. septemradiatus, 

 Modiolaria lærujafa. Leda minutn, Portlandia tenuis, P. lentieuln, 

 Area pectaucaloides, Cardium fasciatum. C. minhmim, Astarte banlsi, 

 A. sulcata, A. coiDin-essa, Xeæra arctica,X.obesa, N. ohesa vnr. (jlacialis, 

 Saanciua arctica, Zirphæa crispata, Margarita groenlandica, Machce- 

 roplax obscura, Trochas occidentalis, Amauropsis islandica, Xafica 

 affinis. Admete riridula, Beta declivis, B. rn<iu1((ta. P. tmaicostata, 

 Ti/phloinangelia nivalis, Trophon clatratus rar. ijuinieri. T. bar- 

 ricensis, Buccinum undatam, Neptunea despecta. Amphlsphijra glo- 

 bosa, A. hiemalis. Of Amphipoda may be mentioned: — Lepidepe 

 cream umbo, Ampelisca eschrichti, Paroediceros jjropinqvus, Aceros 

 phijllonijx, Paraplenstes latipes, Acanthonotosoma serratum, Sgrhoe 

 crenulato. Of Dccapoda: — Pandahis annulicornis, P. borealis, 

 P. brerirostris, Crangon almani. Pontophihis iiorregiciis. Sabinea 

 scptemcarinata, S. scptemccrinata var. sarsi, HippoJi/ti' fiiiiiiiardi, H. 

 spinas, H. lilljeborgi, H. polaris. Eupagnras ]iabcscens, Galathea 

 dispersa, Mnnida rugosa. Of fish in these small fiords, the follow- 

 ing were taken: — Centridermichthys uJicinatas, Drepanopsetta 

 platessoides and Lumpenus lampretiformis. Especially characteristic 

 for the fiord between Sandhoi'uo and Gildeskaal was the large 

 number of Dccnpoda. There was a good fishing place for Sebastes 

 marinas in the fiord. There arc several boreal forms among the 

 above mentioned animals, but a more thorough examination than I 

 was able to make would probably show that the arctic forms are 

 in the majority. 



The Skjerstad Fiord has a fauna which corresponds to 

 chat of the fiords surrounding Sandhorno. There too, we made several 

 hauls so that we got a more perfect result. Of Coelenti-rat t which 

 were noticed the following may be mentioned: — 



Lucernaria qradricor)tis, Alrgonium digitatiim, Paraspongodes 

 fruticosa, Cladiscas gracilis. PtraeditwrUia arenaren, Actinostola 

 callosa. Of Echinodermuta : — Antedon tenella, Ophiura robusta 

 Ctenodisct(s crispatus, PsiUtster andromeda, Hippasterias phrygiana^ 

 Solmter papposus, Asteriaj millleri, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis' 

 Simtangus purpurcus etc. Of Polychceta: — Hnrmothoc impar, H. 

 oerstedi, Leanira tetragona, Eumida sanguinea, Glyceria capitcita, 

 Onuphis conchylcga, Xcreis 2^elagica, Leodice norregica, Brada vil- 

 losa, Eumenia erassu, Xicomaehe lumbricalis, Pectinaria hyberborea, 

 Maldane biceps, Terebellides stromi. Telepus eircinnatas, Potamilla 

 np.glecta. Of Brachiopods and Mollusks wei-e observed: — Wald- 

 heimia cranium, Tcrebratulinn septcnfrionalis, Anomia aeuleata, 

 Pecten islnndiciis, P. vitrcas, Xacahi fumiduhi, X. tenuis, Leda 

 pernula, L. minuta, Portlandia lucida. P. tenuis. P. lenticula, Area 

 ptctanculoides, Cardium fasciatum, C', minimum, Astarte banksi, A. 



') Asterias rubens occurred in monstrous s 

 thiown its arms around a Cyprina idandka, \vl 



crmata. Ajinitf flcxuoKus. A. croulinciisis. Xmni arctini, X. sub- 

 torta. X. casjiidata, Saxicava arrlini. J)fulidiu»t < utale. Siphono- 

 dentidium vitreum, Tecfuru rirgiura. Lepcta cocca. Puucturella noa- 

 ehi)ia. Xatica affinis, Lillunnu rudis, Rissoa jeffreysi, Scalaria. 

 groenlandica (s), Admctc viridula. Bcla rugulala, B. tri-rcllyana, 

 B. tcnuicostata. Typhbm<nigelia nivali». Trophon barviccnsis, Bucci- 

 num imdutum, B. flnmurchia)iam {?}. Xeptunea despecta, Siphoebar 

 (s), Cylichna alba, Philine quadrata, Philine finmarckica, Dcndro- 

 notus 7-obustus. Campespe major, Coriiph"lla rufibranchialis. C. uord- 

 gaurdi. 



AnipluiMHJa: — Anibasia daniclsaii, Calisonui crenata. 7'ryphosa 

 horingi, Paruphorus oculatus, Amjiclisca eschrichti, Stegoccphalus 

 sitnilis, Metopa alderi, Monoeulodes longirostris, Aceros phyllony.r, 

 Paramphitoe pulchella, Parupleustes latipes, Syrrhoe. crcnulata, 

 Rhacotropis helleri, E. macropus, Halirages fnlvocinctas. Mclita 

 dentata, Ischyrocerus minutus, Æginella spinosa. 



Isopoda : — Miinn'o2}sis typica, Eurycope eornuta. 



Schizopoda: — Bm-eumysis tridcns, Erythrops goiisi, E. abys.io- 

 rum, Amblyops abbreviata, Mysideis insignis. 



Decapoda: — Pasiphwa t/irda, Pandahis annulicornis, P. bo- 

 realis, Sclcrocrangon boreas. Pontophilus norvegicits, Sabinea septem 

 cnrinata, Hippolyte gaimardi, H. spinns, H. lilljeborgi. H. polaris, 

 Eupagurus pubescens, Hyas araneus, H. coarctatus. 



Monuitcidia : — Polycurpa libera. 



In the Skjerstad Fiord, as already mentioned, tiie warm, salt 

 bottom water (t = G — 7", .s = about 35 ° oo) cannot penetrate, 

 or at any I'ate not in sufficient quantity to have any dominating 

 influence on the natural conditions in the fiord. Here too. how- 

 ever, boreal forms occur in no small numbers, although arctic forms 

 are undoubtedly found m much larger numbers than boreal ones. 

 And when one finds that the fiord contains such forms as Potamilla 

 neglecta, Necera arctica, X. subtorta, Siphonodentalium vitreum, Phi- 

 line finmarchica, Campespe major, Sclcrocrangon boreas, Polycurpa 

 libera etc., there is reason to conclude that the fauna of the Skjer- 

 stad Fiord is predominantly ai-etic 



The same must also be said of Skjomen, the Kanstad Fiord 

 (cf. Hydrography, p. 20). 



I will not give any detailed list of the forms noticed in these 

 latter fioi'ds,' but only mention that in the Ogs Fiord wei-e found, 

 amongst others, Ctenodiscus crispatus, Pectinaria hyperborea, Acan- 

 thozone cuspidata, in the Kanstad Fiord Asterias lincii was found 

 and in the Kirk Fiord, Clymenia 2}>'"etermissa. Eteonc depressa, 

 Defrancia lucernaria etc. 



On the other hand, it has been pi'oved that in those fiords, or 

 pai-ts of fiords, where the ocean water has free access (t = 6 — 

 7° C, s = about 35 "/oo) the fauna in the deep water is predomi- 

 nantly boreal. (Cf. Hydrography, p. 19). With respect to the Vest 

 Fiord, Professor G. 0. Saks') many years ago called attention to 

 the fact that in the littoral and sublittoral zones some characteristic 

 arctic animal forms certainly do occur, while the fauna in the deep 

 water is southern in its character, and corresponds in most respects 

 to the fauna on the west coast of Norway. 



By the aid of the material which has been obtained by hydro- 

 graphical research in recent years, we are now able to explain the 

 reason for this state of things. On the surface, the warm current, 

 which flows northwards, makes itself most felt on the outer coast, 

 but its influence decreases the further one goes in the fioi'ds. But, 



') NogU Bemerkninger om den Marine Fai 

 Kyster. Troniso Museums Aarshefter, II. Ti 



Karakter ved X.irL'.-s lie. 

 0, 1879. 



