THE RESULTS OF THE NEW AGRARIAN REFORM 97 



of them being hontor farmers, had made most important improvements. The 

 vakie of these was placed at 288,057 roubles, an average of 47 roubles 

 33 kopecks a farm, the average in the different districts varying from ii 

 roubles 74 kopecks (Krementschug) to 140 roubles 70 kopecks (Nikolajevsk). 

 The average area on which improvements have been made by houtor farmers 

 is larger by 44.1 per cent, than that which otroiih farmers have improved. 



On the lands of the bank and the State domains expenditure on improve- 

 ments after the purchase of the land was ten times greater than it had been 

 in the case of the earlier holders. The average expenditure on improvements 

 on a farm, as well as the number of farmers undertaking improvements, 

 were on these properties larger than the corresponding averages for nadiel 

 lands. 



As regards buildings, not only the number of dwellings but also that of 

 stables, byres and barns has grown ; and this, as the report adds, points 

 to the conclusion that the number of houtor farms grew even after the settle- 

 ment, because the otrouh farmers ren'f&ved their farm building from the vil- 

 lage area to their newly settled lots. The number of farmers having no 

 farm buildings has been almost halved : it has sunk from 404 to 210. The 

 value of the buildings rose on the investigated farms on nadiel land from 

 7,398,449 roubles to 9,224,963 roubles, that is by 1,826,514 roubles or 24.6 

 per cent. ; on the farms on lands of the Peasants' I^and Bank and the State 

 domains — according to the estimate of the possessors themselves — from 

 2,136,159 roubles to 3,098,866 roubles, that is by 962,707 roubles or 45.1 per 

 cent. 



b) Live and Other Stock. 



Before the settlement the land was so spUt up that the employment of 

 modern agricultural machinery was not only economical!}^ unprofitable but 

 also technically impossible. This condition altered rapidly after the strips 

 of land had been united, and the change from the three-field system to that 

 of intensive agriculture accomplished. The primitive implements — the 

 plough-hatchets, the wooden harrows — have been superseded ; new ma- 

 chines have been bought to an important extent, such as sowing, mowing, 

 winnowing and threshing machines. This is especially the case in houtor 

 farmS; on some of which the value of all the stock other than live stock is 

 double what it was originally. The employment of agricultural machines 

 has been extended by the depots of zem.stvos and the government as well as 

 b}' private owners. The corn-winnowing and sorting machines have espe- 

 cially increased in number in the north and north west provinces; the sowing, 

 mowing and hay-harvesting machines in those of the south and south east. 

 The total value of the stock other than live stock rose in the 17,567 farms on 

 nadiel land from 836,642 roubles to 1,174,327 roubles, that is by 40.4 per 

 cent.; in the farms on lands of the bank and the State domains it rose from 

 382,584 roubles to 779,558 roubles, that is it was nearly doubled. 



The live stock increased absolutely on all the farms investigated, if they 

 be taken together, but not in the same measure as the other stock. As regards 



