LAND TENURE AND COLONIZATION I03 



from the lands in which natives have collective rights, or individual rights 

 independent of common property ; 



b) to reserve to populations their rights and usufruct within determ- 

 ined limits and within areas acknowledged to be sufficient for their*effective 

 development, and to incorporate zones outside the limits of possible utili- 

 zation in the domain ; 



c) to exclude from the resultant available domain, thus constituted, 

 zones of which it is considered right to leave the usufruct to the Kabylies 

 for their future needs, and to make of these zones native reserves ; 



d) to cause migrations, or other measures which prove to be 

 necessary, either to prevent the subdivision of agricultural zones, or 

 to avoid excessive agglomerations of groups of population, or to facilitate 

 the constitution of native vilUages. 



The same rules include under four headings provision for the procedure 

 which will enable such concentration, namely a) Procedure for the recog- 

 nition of existing cultivations ; b) Procedure for the recognition and the set- 

 ting on one side or reservation of utilized land ; c) Procedure for the consti- 

 tution of zones reserved to natives ; d) Procedure to cause migration. 



B. The AgriciiUural Concessions. 



We will now speak of the realization of the value of the lands belong- 

 ing to the domain, that is to say of the agricultural concessions of Italian 

 Somaliland. 



The conception which inspired the governor of Somaliland , when he sub- 

 mitted the rules as to land (i) to the approval of the competent bodies, 

 was that of defining the powers which according to clause d of article 4 

 of the law of 5 April igo8 the central government could, in virtue of article 

 5 of the same law, delegate to him, and of determining their agricultural and 

 industrial aim. The rules establish two categories of concessions which 

 derive their essential characteristics from the authorit}^ from which the}^ 

 emanate. 



Concessions of the first category are those of more than 2,000 hectares 

 of land, and being dependent on the central government are made by royal 

 decree ; while those of the second category may not be of more than 2,000 

 hectares and are made by the governor. Both without distinction may be 

 made either to capitalist societies or to private persons of Italian or foreign 

 nationality. The rules rest solidly on principles of incontestable practical 

 value : the applicant for a concession must prove before he receives it 

 that he possesses at least 500 liras for each hectare he has to bring under 

 cultivation ; the conceded land must be granted gradually, in three periods, 

 the area granted being extended progressively ; a concession must be reduced 



(i) Rules for realizing the value of landin Italian Somaliland. — Royal decree of 8 June 

 19 1 1, no. 820, establishing the regime of agricultural concessions in Italian Somaliland (Gazsrfto 

 ufficiale del Regno i6 August 1911, no. rgi. Bullettino ufficiale della Somalia italiana 31 August 

 1911, no. 9). 



