NOTICES REI^ATING I,0 AGRICUI^TURAI^ ECONOMY IN GENERAI, II7 



properties in the agricultural districts properly so-called, receive, in ad- 

 dition to their annual wages averaging 346 crowns, a payment in kind call- 

 ed stat, which consists of milk, corn, potatoes, etc., and they are lodged 

 together with their families ; so that the average return they receive for 

 their work is 883 crowns a 3'ear, according to the estimate of those who 

 have furnished these data. The figure comprises the value of a free cot- 

 tage, which in South Sweden generally has two rooms and a kitchen and in 

 the rest of the country a single room. The average vahie of such lodging 

 is estimated at 68 crowns and that of free fuel at 53 crowns. These data do 

 not hovever concern the ordinary ploughmen. The labourers who tend 

 live stock receive larger money wages and sometimes also larger wages 

 in kind, so that their annual earnings are placed at 939 crowns. 



Besides these labourers receiving mixed wages {stature) there are jour- 

 neymen workmen permanently employed, who are paid entirel}^ or al- 

 most entirely in money and whose daily wage varies much with districts. 

 Its average amount is 2.72 crowns in summer and 2.07 crowns in winter, 

 but is less by the average sums of 0.84 crowns and 0.76 crowns in these 

 respective seasons, if the workman be fed by his employer. 



Besides these journeymen workmen, habitually engaged for a year or 

 at least for six months by one employer, there are agricultural labourers 

 who take work now for one and now for another, according to the needs 

 of the moment. In summer the daily wage of one of these casual labourers 

 averages 3.13 crowns, in winter 2.34 crowns, if he find his own food. If he 

 be fed by his employer he is paid on an average 2.18 crowns in summer 

 and 1.55 crowns in winter. 



Among the workpeople paid by the day there are also a large num- 

 ber of women, who help in beetroot and potato-growing, in the hay and corn 

 harvest, etc. They receive on an average 1.7 1 crowns for a summer day's 

 work, or 1.16 crowns with food, if they are considered as part of the farm's 

 fixed staff. For casual work they receive a little more, namely on an 

 average for the whole country 1.87 crowns without and 1.29 crowns with 

 food. In the winter months their wages diminish markedly as do also 

 those of the men in the same category. 



A general comparison between wages in 1915 and in the years from 1911 

 to 1914 — if men tending live stock and receiving mixed wages, whose 

 pay owing to their remuneration in kind remains almost stationar3^ be 

 excepted — shows that wages of agricultural labourers of all categories 

 increased by from 3.3 to 6.5 per cent, in 1914-1915, by from 5.2 to 10. i 

 per cent, in the years from 1913 to 1915 and by from 10.2 to 18. i per cent, 

 in those from 1911 to 1915. The increase seems to have been particularly 

 marked in the case of the journeymen and the women employed ])erma- 

 nently. On the other hand if total remuneration in money and kind be 

 considered the greatest increase is seen to have been in the case of the la- 

 bourers receiving mixed wages [stature) and the other agricultural labotir- 

 ers who are paid chiefly in products in kind, for the price of most provi- 

 sions has risen considerably owing to the international crisis. Thus in 

 1914-1915 the value of wages in kind rose by about 13 per cent, and 



