520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 



catarrh predisposes the membrane to the penetration of the bacilli. 

 The skin is the second gateway for the entrance of the bacilli. Farcy- 

 formerly regarded as a separate disease, is nothing else than glan- 

 ders of the skin. As a rule the skin is primarily infected, only 

 when it has been previously injured or abraded. 



While the virus of glanders penetrates the body via the digestive 

 tract, it is not often that this occurs. Flesh of glandered animals 

 has not been known to infect man, though animals fed on infected 

 matter sometimes become infected in this manner. Glanders may 

 spread from a local center in the same manner as tuberculosis. At 

 first is proceeds by way of the nearest lymphatics. The disease 

 may be restricted for a long time in later stages of a chronic course, 

 to the lymph glands. In. acute glanders the bacilli is rapidly ab- 

 sorbed in the blood, producing a generally diseased condition. 



The steps of chronic glanders are inflammatory processes accom- 

 panied by suppuration, ulceration, granulation and cicatrization. 

 The most frequent seats of infection are the respiratory mucous 

 membranes in the lungs, lymph glands, skin and subcutis. Occa- 

 sionally other organs are invaded. 



Glanders attacking the respiratory mucous membranes occurs in 

 two forms : nodular circumscribed, with the formation of ulcers 

 and cicatrices, and difused or infiltrated glanders. The nodular 

 glanders is the most ordinary kind, and is visually found in the 

 upper portion of the nasal cavity, viz., on the nasal septum, and 

 in the cavities of the turbinated bones. The appearance of nodules 

 marks the commencement of the affection. They vary in size from 

 a grain of sand to a millet seed, of glassy translucent, gelatinous 

 condition, of a roundish oval shape, of a dirty-grey or greyish-red 

 color. These nodules project slightly, and are surrounded by a 

 reddish ring, and as a maximum may attain the size of a pea. 

 They are isolated or located in groups. Microscopically, they con- 

 sist of a large number of lymphoid cells, which break down in the 

 center, with the bacilli lying between them. The nodules become 

 yellow and change into ulcers after the purulent breaking down of 

 their summits. The ulcers are sometimes superficial, sometimes 

 deep and surrounded by a hard, prominent edge. They are some- 

 times covered by a brownish crust, and may increase in area and 

 depth, even involving the underlying cartilage or bones, exostoses 

 on the turbinate bones, etc. Shallow lenticular ulcers may heal 

 without leaving visible changes ; deeper ones leave a cicatrix, either 

 smooth or horny. 



