522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



istic swelling of the bridge of the nose. Afterwards pustules, ab- 

 scesses and ulcers of the skin, ulcers in the cavity of the mouth, in 

 the throat and larynx, and on the conjunctiva ; swellings of the 

 joints, high and continuous fever, with grave general symptoms; 

 sometimes also intense gastrointestinal derangement. Death usually 

 occurs in from two to four weeks, though occasionally after only a 

 few days. 



Treatment in the case of generalized glanders is usually inef- 

 fective. Only when the affection is a local one can the glanderous 

 focus be healed by deep cauterization, excision or erasion. 



One prominent authority holds that infection of horses by atmo- 

 spheric infection is extremely rare. Direct or indirect contact with 

 nasal discharge and secretions of the ulcers of horses affected with 

 the disease, is the most common mode of infection. In acute glan- 

 ders all the organs are virulent, as well as the blood. Of the mem- 

 branes, the conjunctiva is especially susceptible. 



Persons in attendance on glandered animals should exercise the 

 greatest care to avoid coming in contact with the bacilli of glan- 

 ders. Washing and disinfection should be done whenever there 

 has been contact with harness, animals or other objects which may 

 be the medium of conveying the disease. 



Mallein is a preparation made from the bacilli of glanders, and 

 was first manufactured and investigated in 1891 by Kalning and 

 Hellman, as a means for diagnosing glanders. It is analagous to 

 Dr. Koch's tuberculin. 



The only rational method of banishing this disease is the enforce- 

 ment of sever precautionary measures. 



Between the years 1876 to 1886, 20.566 horses died of glanders in 

 Prussia. During this decennial period the disease diminished more 

 than one-half, owing to the enforcement of regulations and laws 

 enacted for the control of the disease. In 1890 there were 782 cases 

 of glanders in London alone. It is estimated that there are 90,000 

 glandered horses in Russia. 



The wide extent of this disease and its virulent nature renders it 

 one of the grave conditions with which health departments have to 

 deal. During the year 1906 the Minnesota Live Stock Sanitary 

 Board tested 1,482 horses for glanders, of which 516 were killed. 

 During the following year 513 were killed in that state on this 

 ground. In 1909 the number was reduced to 353 owing to the vigor- 

 ous and effective campaign waged by the board against the spread 

 of the disease. In North Dakota during a period of a little more 



