IRISH GARDENING 



expended in o\eri:oming' these difficulties. I lie 

 gfreat difficulty lay in persuading the t'arnier 

 that fruit trees required constant care and 

 attention, and that thc\- amply paid for micIi 

 care and attention, in fact that they could he 

 made the most remunerative part ot the larm. 

 With increased facilities for transport, reduction 

 in freight, improved markets, the export ot 

 fruit from America became oi' so much iiupor- 

 tance that both tiovernments took special 

 interest in it, and heyan to devise ineans and 



Grimsby, Collamer Bros., Delos Zenny, and 

 F. E. ^'arkerof Hilton, who had large interests 

 in fruit growing, had improved their orchards 

 and systems of cultivation in advance of many 

 of their neighbours, and foimd their trade 

 injined, and their orchards inJLU"ed and im- 

 perillei.1 by the neglect of old orchards in their 

 vicinity. .Such growers had demonstrated the 

 great benelit of open cultivation as against 

 trees in grass, the absolute necessity of spraying, 

 the necessity of judicious pruning, or thinning 



A DKMoNS'I RAI lliN Okcharu. 



ways to develop :uid encourage it — a remark 

 which also applies to the separate Governments 

 of the States and Provinces as distinct iVom 

 the Federation. .Abundant leatlets and other 

 kinds ol' literature prepared by experts were 

 circulated, but these failed to move the farmer 

 or to convince him, and other methods had to 

 be adopted, lulucation was one of the methods 

 adopted, demonstrations a second, and finallv, 

 it these tail, there is compulsion. Before dealing 

 with these subjects it may be advisable to 

 consider brielly the causes which rendered it 

 practically imperative on the Government to take 

 action. Intelligent and capable growers, such 

 as E. D. Smith of Winona, .Major Roberts of 



as some pret'er to call it, and the necessity of 

 securing uniformity in quality and in grade. 

 'J'hey found a ready market with good prices for 

 clean, w ell-packetl, e\en graded fruit, packages 

 which coidd be relied on, true to sample, and 

 honest from top to botton-? ; in fact such men 

 created the market, and maintained it. L'n- 

 scrupulous or careless growers did mucli to 

 injure this market and to create a feeling o( 

 distrust by forwarding unevenly graded, badly 

 packed, .uul unsound or marked fruit. I'o 

 combat this, growers banded themselves into 

 local " I'ruit Growers' .Associations," with a 

 central or general association which drafted 

 rules and regulations, and eventuallv inlluenced 



