Cope.] OOJ [Oct. 4, 



than are the reflex acts. Tlie effect of the interference of consciousness 

 is to give the act the character of design, or a direction designed to satisfy 

 some consciously felt want. Such design is also displayed by reflex and 

 automatic acts, but it is impossible to suppose that these have originated 

 in any other way than as results of voluntary (consciously directed) acts 

 by the ordinary and well-known process of automatization (cryptopnoy). 

 Any other theory of their origin is incredible. 



The process of performance of the voluntary act involves then an ante- 

 cedent metaphysical element which constitutes its motive. Motives, as 

 already mentioned, are derived from the emotions and from the intelli- 

 gence. Tliey may be classified as follows : 



Emotional ; 



' Appetites, 

 Tastes, 

 Affections, 

 Passions. 



(Imaginative, 

 Esthetic, 

 Rational. 



In various proportions and degrees some or all of these faculties inter- 

 act as motives in all animals from the Amoeba to man. 



It has been denied that tlie metaphysical element enters into the per- 

 formance of an act. The reason for this opinion is clear. An act by an 

 animal is a contraction of protoplasm, either undifferentiated or as muscu- 

 lar fibrilla. To produce this movement a communication of motion is 

 necessary. The metaphysical motive cannot, however, be weighed. The 

 existence of the motive represents an expenditure of energy in the 

 arrangement of the molecules (of the brain cells in an animal with a 

 brain) which shall express such a form of consciousness, but tliere can be 

 no cori'elation of energy between the significance of the motive and such 

 expenditure of energy. Since an idea (motive) has no ponderosity, it can- 

 not communicate motion to a nerve or muscle cell. Hence a metaphysi- 

 cal state cannot direct an act. For similar reasons the converse of this 

 proposition is true. Material conditions can liave no effect on mind, for 

 that which has weight cannot impress or modify that which has no weight. 

 Matter cannot control mind. 



Tlie only answer to this position is that it is contrary to the facts as 

 observed. To deny that a state of consciousness can influence a current 

 of energy, is to assert that animals do not eat because they are hungr3^ 

 nor drink because they are thirsty. It is to assert that unconscious acts 

 possess the same design in new and unexpected cases, as conscious ones, 

 a statement which we know to be false. It is to assert that the muscles 

 of the human tongue are not controlled by motives when engaged in the 

 use of language. It is in fact to contradict the daily observation of man- 

 kind in thousands of instances. It is easier to believe that metaphysical 



