46 GllOTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WIXG. [April 7, 



Explanation of Plate III. 



The figures are obtained by an improved photographic process. 

 The veins are numbered according to the system Redtenbacher- 

 Comstock : iii = radius, iv = media, v = cubitus. Vein ''ix" of 

 primaries, a principal character of the Papilionides, is numbered 

 in red. The figures are of the natural size. 



Fig, I. Parnassius apollo. — Type of genus and family. The specialized form 

 of the Papilionides, as shown by the following characters: On fore wings the 

 first median branch (ivj) has left cross-vein and arises from radius; the radius 

 itself is four, instead of being five-branched ; the cubital cross-vein has disap- 

 peared ; on hind wings the lower margin of humeral cell has faded out supe- 

 riorly, the internal margin is hollowed out, and vein vii is greatly shortened. 

 Doritis mnemosyne does not differ generically from this type. Hypermnestra 

 helios agrees by the four-branched, specialized radius, and I limit the subfamily 

 to these two genera, since here the demarcation is abrupt, not, as in the Pierinse, 

 undefined. 



Fig. 2. Archon apollinus. — Type of genus and belonging to the subfamily 

 Zerynthianse, of which it is the specialized form. Radius five-branched, gen- 

 eralized. The first median branch springs from cross-vein ; lower margin of 

 humeral cell complete ; vein vii longer, as compared with Parnassius. The 

 ornamental bands have not been broken up into the spots of Parnassius. The 

 white color of the Parnassians and Pierids has been developed independently 

 and is here a general character of convergence. Archon is seen to be a general- 

 ized form when compared with Parnassius. 



Fig. 3. Zerynthia polyxena. — Type of genus and subfamily. Radius five- 

 branched. In this species and its varieties vein ivj, the first median branch, is in 

 a fluid state, sometimes issuing from cross-vein, sometimes ascending radius. 

 Compare figure of Zerynthia rujuina^ Schm. von Hildesheim, Taf. i. Fig. 2. 

 Vein vii of hind wings is but little shortened. 



Fig. 4. Luehdorfia puziloi. — Type of genus. Agrees well with Zerynthia. 

 In both this and Ar?nandia the cubitus shows a very inconspicuous scar, a relic 

 of the vanished cubital cross-vein. The gradual disappearance of this cross- 

 vein, from the Papilionid;^ to the Parnassiidce, demonstrates the greater special- 

 ization of the latter. Compare text. 



Fig. 5. Armandia thaitina. — Belongs to Zerynthianae. Type of genus. 

 Radius five-branched ; iVj from upper corner of cell. A beautiful and interest- 

 ing form, owing to the papilionid shape of wings. * 



Fig. 6. Sericinus telamon ^ . — Type of genus. Radius five-branched. First 

 median branch (iVj) from cross-vein, and herein more generalized than Armatt- 

 dia. Vein vii of hind wings hardly shortened. Compare these Parnassian types 

 with the ensuing Papilionidse. Note the equal presence of vein <' ix " of pri- 

 mary wings and the survival of but one anal vein (vii) on hind wings, and that 

 the two types mainly differ in the breaking up of the median system in the 

 Parnassians. It seems probable that, in extinct types of Papilionides, the vein 

 «* ix " was lengthened and sought the anal angle of the primary wmg. 



