148 GROTE — GENEALOGICAL TREES OF BUTTERFLIES. [Oct. 6, 



1897) the diphyletism of the diurnals, separating for the first time 

 the Papilionides as a distinct phyletic line from the rest of the 

 butterflies, and keeping these latter together under the title of Hes- 

 periades. It is the Hesperiades alone whose ancestry can be sought 

 for in the Noctuid branch of Dyar's Bombycides (Agrotides), since 

 to this presumptive lineage the Papilionides are apparently alien. 

 For the general pattern of the veining of the Lycaeni-Hesperiadae 

 is repeated in the Agaristid branch of the Bombycides, equally 

 without any indication of affinity with the Papilionid type. With 

 regard to classification and linear succession, it may be said that 

 in the main points I follow Fabricius, in 1787, but it must be said 

 that I give adequate reasons for so doing which were previously 

 wanting. 



At the risk of appearing self-assertive, I endeavor to give clearly 

 the original points brought forward by myself in various papers, 

 and to the above statements there must be added, that 1 have tried 

 to prove that the Blues and the Skippers are directly related, how- 

 ever distant the time may be assumed at which the divergence took 

 place. The interpolation, therefore, between these two groups, of 

 the group of the Swallowtails, by Scudder, Comstock and other 

 observers, would be wholly inadmissible. I show that the points 

 of similarity in structure between the Swallowtails and Skippers, 

 brought forward by Mr. Scudder in 1877, are due to convergence, 

 to that parallelism in development, announced by Milne-Edwards, 

 of which Mr. Scudder appears to take no note, and for which he 

 makes no allowance. Through studies of the Charaxinae it becomes 

 clear that the hesperid wing, with separated veins, underlies the 

 wings of the group, while a normal evolutionary change in the 

 specialization of the Radius develops in succession the wing of the 

 Blues out of tliat of the Skippers. 



The family Hesperiadse are then a survival of an ancestral stage 

 in the evolution of the other groups of the Hesperiades, /. <?., the 

 Pieridae, or Whites, the Nymphalids, or brush-footed butterflies, 

 the Lycaenids, or Blues. I show, from the fact that a diminution of 

 the internal veins of the hind wings accompanies specialization in 

 other groups of the Lepidoptera (/. e.^ Saturniades, Tineides), that 

 the Papilionides, or Swallowtails, cannot represent an ancestral 

 phase of any of the other families of the diurnals, because in this 

 respect they are the more advanced group. The assumed generali- 

 zation of the Papilionides, which has led to the view that they are 



