150 GROTE— GENEALOGICAL TKEES OF BUTTERFLIES. [Oct. 6, 



Explanation. 



x^ Dotted line of conneclion proposed in consequence of analogies of the 

 Papilionides with the brush-footed butterflies. This line ib apparently favored by- 

 Chapman, 1895, Packard and Quail. 



x^. Dotted line of interconnection indicating that the Papilionides represent 

 an ancestral form of the other butterflies, excluding the Skippers. This line is 

 favored by Scudder, Comstock and others, who place the Papilionides between 

 the Lyccenidae and Hesperiadae, just above the latter. 



x^. Dotted line of interconnection indicnting that the Papilionides represent 

 an ancestral form of all the diurnals and that these latter would be monophyletic. 

 I reject all the dotted lines, considering the butterflies as diphyletic. The two 

 separated stems, and the arrangement of the collective groups, represent the 

 conclusions to which I have arrived. 



I shall now briefly discuss the monophyletic trees published by 

 authors and reproduce two of them. The monophyletic designs 

 published by Scudder (1877) and Renter (1896) do not differ in 

 principle. In both the brush-footed butterflies are placed '' at the 

 head," and the view is expressed that the Papilionides are degraded 

 forms. In addition, Renter conceives that the Papilionides embrace 

 also the Pieridse, an old opinion based mainly on coincidence of 

 color between the Parnassians and the Whites and a similarity in 

 pupal suspension. I have endeavored in my writings to expose its 

 fallacy. All methods of pupal suspension in the butterflies are 

 paralleled in other Lepidoptera. The drawings published by Scud- 

 der and Renter are too fanciful or complex to allow of reproduc- 

 tion here. 



Fig. 2. Monobhyletic tree of the Butterflies, Packard, iSgj. 



Nyniphalidse 

 Lycsenidse I 



Papilionidae Pieridae 



Hesperidse 



In this genealogical tree the collective family groups are reduced 

 to five, the Parnassiidae being fused with the Papilionidae, A com- 

 parison of this tree with Fig. i will show that the entire butterflies 

 are intercalated between the Lyc?enids and Skippers. The ances- 

 tors of the Skippers are first imagined to have thrown off" the 



