78 HAUPT— TOBIT'S BLINDNESS AND SARA'S HYSTERIA. 



his book on the names of the months (1836). Aeshma is the 

 Avestan demon of rage and anger. In Pahlavi writings we find: 

 The impetuous assailant Wrath (Aeshm), when he does not succeed 

 in causing strife among the righteous, flings discord and strife 

 among the wicked, and when he does not succeed as to the strife 

 even of the wicked, he makes the demons and fiends fight together. 

 Aeshma is not linked with dewa in the Avesta, but in Pahlavi we 

 find khashm-dciv, the second element being expressed by the Aramaic 

 seda, demon (RE^ 2, 142, 1. 49). Daezva means demon, devil. The 

 pronunciation da'cva is incorrect. In German the diphthong ai^ is 

 written ai, but the final sound is really e, not i ( JAOS 2)7, 322, n. 12) . 

 In Hebrew, AcsJimadaewa appears as Ashmedai = Aismadain : the 

 first syllable Aish became ash, just as Syr. aik, how, is pronounced 

 ak, and daezva was shortened to daL In the Talmudic idiom final 

 consonants are often dropped; e.g., tub and nesdb become tu, nesd 

 (Margolis § 4, o). A for ai^ appears in certain German dialects, 

 e.g., aner, kaner for ciner, keiner. According to Justi, Aeshma is 

 connected with isJi, to drive, from which ishu, arrow, is derived ; he 

 combined it 25 years ago with Skt. ishmm (RE^ 2, 142, 1. 42). 

 This, however, does not mean driving, stormy, but armed zvith 

 arrozvs (JAOS 31, 50). In the Old Testament, Aeshma appears as 

 Ashima which is given in 2 K 17, 30 as the name of an idol wor- 

 shiped by the people of Hamath, i.e., the ancient capital of Galilee 

 at the hot springs south of Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee (not Epi- 

 phanea on the Orontes, north of ii/o7nj-=Emesa, southwest of 

 Aleppo). For the transposition of the i in Ashima we may compare 

 Lat. a.y/;nf5=Sumer. ansi, ass (ZDMG 69, 170, n. 3; OLZ 18, 203; 

 AAJ 7; WZKM 23, 365). Both asinus and ovn: are Oriental loan- 

 words, but they can not be derived from the Semitic atan, she-ass. 

 Nor is the combination of ouo:: (beast of burden) with onus, bur- 

 den, and di^ca (JEo\. ov'ta), burden, heaviness, grief, sorrow, satis- 

 factory. We have a similar transportation in Jamaica, whose In- 

 dian name was Jaymaca (EB" 15, 134''), or Haimaca, land of 

 woods and water (BK 9, 864*^). 



Also the part played by Tobias's dog is distinctly Aryan. In the 

 Old Testament, the dog is regarded as an unclean animal. In the 



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