100 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Chapter III. Attributes of the National Representative 

 Organ Under International Law. 



A. Sole Agency for Foreign Communication. 



13. Foreign Representatives May Officially Communicate with the Na- 



tion Only Through the President or His Representatives 128 



14. National Organs of Government other than the President or His 



Representatives May Not Communicate 130 



15. National and State Laws Subject to International Cognizance 131 



16. Legislative Expressions of Opinion, not of International Cognizance. 133 



17. Self-constituted Missions, Forbidden 135 



18. Missions of de facto Governments, L^nofficially Received 136 



B. All Acts of the President Subject to International Cognisance. 



19. Communications of the President to Congress 136 



20. President Presumed to Speak for the Nation 137 



Chapter IV. Conclusiveness of the Acts and Utterances of 

 National Organs Under International Law. 



A. With Reference to the Making of National Decisions. 



21. Acts of the President 138 



22. National and State Statutes 139 



23. Acts of Subordinates to the President 140 



B. With Reference to the Making of International Agreements. 



24. Foreign Nations Presumed to Know the Constitution 140 



25. Signature under Authority of the Treaty Power 141 



26. Signature under Authority of the President 143 



27. Reservations Expressly Consented to I45 



28. Reservations Tacitly Consented to 148 



29. Exchange of Ratifications under Authority of the President 152 



30. Treaty Provisions ultra vires from Lack of Original Authority.... 152 



31. Treaty Provisions ultra vires from Operation of Constitutional 



Limitations 1 54 



32. Treaty Made Under Necessity 156 



C. With Reference to the Meeting of International Responsibilities. 



33. United States Bound by International Law and Treaties 157 



,34. Acts of the President 158 



35. Acts of Subordinates to the President I59 



36. Decisions of International Organs Authorized by the President 161 



37. Meeting Responsibilities Distinguished from Making Agreements 161 



38. Interpretation of Treaties 162 



39. Understandings do not' Require Forbearance in Pressing Inter- 



national Claims ^^5 



