PRIVATE RIGHTS AND STATES' RIGHTS. 173 



morals, and the general welfare are protected by prohibitions 

 against titles of nobility, the acceptance by officers of foreign 

 presents, the abridgment of the voting privilege on account of race, 

 color, previous condition of servitude, or sex ; ^ by prohibitions 

 against slavery and intoxicating beverages," and by the implied 

 prohibition against taxes not for the " general welfare." ^'^ The 

 individual's interest in life, liberty and property are especially 

 protected by prohibitions against suspension of the privilege of 

 habeas corpus except in emergency, bills of attainder and ex post 

 facto laws ; ^^ prohilMtions against religious tests for officers, 

 against the establishment of religion, the abridgment of the freedom 

 of speech, press, assembly, petition and the bearing of arms ; ^- 

 prohibitions against compulsory quartering of troops in time of 

 peace, unreasonable searches and seizures, the taking of life, liberty 

 or property without due process of law and the taking of private 

 property for public use without just compensation,^^ and finally 

 prohibitions designed to assure a fair trial, especially in criminal 

 cases, as the requirement of jury trial and compulsory process to 

 obtain witnesses and the prohibition against excessive bail, double 

 jeopardy, cruel and unusual punishments.^* Prohibitions for the 

 protection of individual interests have seldom affected the power 

 of national organs in the conduct of foreign relations. 



A. Private Rights. 



45- Effect upon Pozvcr to Meet International Responsibilities. 



Such guarantees have not interfered with the meeting of 

 responsibilities imposed by international law or treaty. ^^ They are 



^Ibid., I, sec. 9, cl. 8; Amendments XV, XIX. 



^Ibid., Amendments XIII, XVIII. 



^<^ Ibid., I, sec. 8, cl. i. See also Willoughby, op. n't., p. 39; J. P. Hall, 

 Constitutional Law, pp. 173-174. 



" Ibid., I, sec. 9, cl. 2, 3. 



^2 Ibid., VI, sec. 3, Amendments I-II. 



"^^ Ibid., Amendments III-V. 



^* Ibid., Ill, sec. 2, cl. 3; sec. 3; Amendments V-VIII. 



15 Most Constitutional Limitations cannot affect the power to execute 

 treaties, because they apply to the treaty-making power as well as other 

 organs of government. Consequently if an apparent treaty proved inex- 

 ecutable by virtue of a constitutional limitation, it would really be no treaty 



