390 WRIGHT— POWER TO MAKE POLITICAL DECISIONS. 



as resulting from numerous powers in foreign relations which to- 

 gether constituted the usual powers of " sovereign and independent 

 states." ^^ These laws have delegated wide powers of enforce- 

 ment, often with a minimum of judicial review, to executive officers 

 but this delegation has been sustained. ^^ The alien act of June 25, 

 1798, provided : ^^ 



" That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any 

 time during the continuance of this act to order all such aliens as he shall 

 judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have 

 reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret 

 machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory 

 of the United States within such time as shall be expressed in such order." 



Hardly less broad is the act of October 16, 1918, providing that: 



" Aliens who are anarchists, . . . who are members of or affiliated with 

 any organization that entertains a belief in, teaches or advocates the over- 

 throw by force or violence of the government of the United States or of all 

 forms of law, or that entertains or teaches disbelief in or opposition to all 

 organized governments . . . shall be excluded from the United States," and 

 if such alien is found in the United States, he " shall upon the warrant of 

 the Secretary of Labor be taken into custody and deported." 



During the World War many alien enemies were interned by 

 order of the President under authority of the alien enemy act of 

 July 6, 1798, as amended to include women in April, 1918.®* 



221. Power to Employ J'^arious Methods of Coercion. 



Of the seven types of measvires discussed, the President can, 

 in pursuance of his constitutional duties, authorize diplomatic pres- 

 sure, or display of force on national territory or on the high seas 

 without express authority of Congress. He has, in pursuance of 

 such duties, authorized the occupation of foreign territory and the 

 capture and destruction of foreign military forces without express 

 authority, though generally Congress has ratified his act by later 

 resolution. It would seem that the President in such cases ought 

 to await an authorizing resolution unless an immediate necessity de- 

 mands promptness. Finally authority to seize or destroy private 



" Chinese Exclusion Cases, 130 U. S. 581 ; Pong Yue Ting v. U. S., 149 

 U. S. 398. 



82 U. S. V. Ju Toy, 198 U. S. 253. 



83 I Stat. 576. 



84 Supra, note 77. 



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