410 WRIGHT— POWER TO ESTABLISH 



In spite of this reasoning, Congress has continued such legislation. 

 The revised statutes specified the salaries of diplomatic ofificers at 

 various countries but did not specify the grade individually except 

 for a few of the less important countries such as Hayti, Liberia, 

 Egypt, etc.*® They refused compensation to diplomatic and con- 

 sular officers not citizens of the United States and provided that they 

 take bonds for good behavior.^" The latter provision has been sus- 

 tained in the Court of Claims.^^ An act of March 3, 1893, " author- 

 ized " the President to appoint " ambassadors " in certain cases, and 

 an act of March 2, 1909, provided " hereafter no new ambassador- 

 ship shall be created unless the same shall be provided for by an 

 act of Congress." ^^ Since then Congress has specifically authorized 

 new grades as an Ambassador to Spain, 1913; to Argentine, 1914; 

 to Chile, 1914; an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 

 tiary to Paraguay, 1913; and to Uruguay, 1913.^^ An act of 1915 

 provided grades and salaries for secretaries of legation, consuls- 

 general and consuls, and provided that appointments be hereafter to 

 the grade and not tO' a specific country. The consular service was 

 reorganized in detail by an act of April 5, 1906.^* 



Thus Congress has, in fact, organized the permanent diplomatic 

 and consular services and through its control of appropriations it 

 seems able to compel acceptance of its organization. It has not 

 usually authorized special or temporary missions or representation 

 on international conferences and congresses. The President him- 

 self has designated the grade of such officers, and provided com- 

 pensation from the contingent fund at his own disposal. However, 

 Congress has recently attempted to prevent such action.^^ 



49 Rev. Stat., sec. 1675; Comp. Stat., sec. 31 17. 



so Rev. Stat., sees. 1744, 1697; Comp. Stat., sees. 3149, 3150. 



SI Williams v. U. S.. 23 Ct. CI. 46; Moore, Digest, 4: 457. 



s2 27 Stat. 496; 35 Stat. 672; Comp. Stat., 3121. 



5338 Stat, no, 241, 378. 



54 34 Stat. 99 ; 38 Stat. 805. 



"Act March 4, 1913, 2,7 Stat. 913; Comp. Stat, sec. 7686. See Report 

 on the Foreign Service, National Civil Service Reform League, N. Y., 191 1, p. 

 65. As to the value of legislation on the subject, see Ibid., 220-223, and as 

 to methods of Congressional control, Ihid., 22y-22^. 



