452 WRIGHT— CONTROL OF FOREIGN RELATIONS. 



peachment a virtual impossibility. Such conventions might develop 

 through : 



1. Declaration by Congress of permanent policies, not in any 

 way restricting executive methods, but pointing the general ends 

 toward which the President should direct his effort ; ^^ 



2. Development by treaty of international organization and ar- 

 bitration so as to bring as large a portion of diplomacy as possible 

 under the control of recognized principles of international law, an 

 atmosphere in which democratic institutions, and particularly Amer- 

 ican institutions, have always thriven ; ^- 



3. Observance by the independent departments of government 

 of the understanding that toleration, consideration, and respect 

 should grace the exercise of powers which may collide with the 

 powers of other departments, which may need supplementing by the 

 action of other departments, or which may be indispensable for the 

 meeting of international responsibilities.^^ Finally, as a necessary 

 condition of such observance ; 



4. Maintenance of close informal relations between the agencies 

 of the government having to do with foreign affairs. Such rela- 

 tions now exist between the President and the administrative depart- 

 ments represented in the Cabinet. Why should not the Cabinet be 

 enlarged so as to include representatives of the legislative branch? 

 The Vice-President, who is closely in contact with the Senate, has 

 been added by President Harding. But a more genuine congres- 

 sional point of view could be gained by admitting also the Speaker 

 of the House, President pro tem. of the Senate, and perhaps the 



31 Supra, sec. 204. 



32 " Democracies are absolutely dependent for their existence upon the 

 preservation of law. Autocracies can give commands and enforce them. 

 Rules of action are a convenience, not a necessity, for them. On the other 

 hand, the only atmosphere in which a democracy can live between the danger 

 of autocracy on one side and the danger of anarchy on the other is the 

 atmosphere of law. . . . The conception of an international law binding upon 

 the governments of the world is, therefore, natural to the people of a democ- 

 racy, and any violation of the law which they themselves have joined in 

 prescribing is received with disapproval, if not with resentment." E. Root, 

 The Effect of Democracy on International Law, Proc. Am. Soc. Int. Law, 

 191 7, pp. 7-8. 



33 Supra, sec. 244. 



