380 TITCHENER AND PYLE— ON THE AFTER-IMAGES [July 23, 



85.5° Red seen once, no color seen once. 

 87° Red seen twice, no color seen twice. 



The conditions can hardly have remained constant from 74.5° to 87°. 

 Again, R on Hering gray no. 7 is seen colorless at 2>7°> while it is seen red 

 at 39°, 41.5° (twice), and even at 47° (twice)." And yet again, G on the 

 same gray is seen colorless at 82°, green at 84°, and once colorless and once 

 green at 87°."' Instances of this irregularity might easily be multiplied. 



2. If we turn to the special table for the limits of B and Y, we find a 

 greater uniformity of result, but a certain arbitrariness in the selection of 

 the limiting values. Thus, on various backgroimds and for different ob- 

 servers, the limits for Y are taken as 



(a) 97°, although at 98.5° the color is seen 3 times out of 14, 



(&) 88.5°, although at 92.5° the color is seen once in 3 times, 



(c) 95-5°. although at 98.5° the color is seen once in 3 times, 



(d) 92.5°, although at 95.5° the color is seen 3 times out of 10, 

 and so on. Similarly, the limits for B are taken as 



(a) 88.5°, although at 91.5° the color is seen once in 4 times, 



(fc) 97°, although at 99.5° the color is seen once, and one observation 

 is doubtful, 



(c) 97°, although at 99.5° the color is seen 3 times out of 9, with one 

 observation doubtful, 

 and so on.^® 



Now in her second paper, of 1908, Miss Fernald states that the 

 paradoxical after-images " are perceived most frequently either just 

 inside or just beyond the regular limits for the color."" If this 

 statement may be applied to the limits of color vision at large, i. e., 

 to the v^'ork of 1905, we must conclude that the crucial experiment 

 has not been adequately performed ; for the limits given are, as we 

 have seen, irregular and arbitrary. 



Each, however, if we maintain that T's results are conclusive for 

 the Bk-W zone, we have still to account for the colored after-images 

 of subliminally colored stimuli in the B-Y and R-G zones. ^^ Miss 



^* Ibid., 422. 



'^Ibid., 416. 



''^ Ibid., 402. 



'' Psychol. Review, XV., 2i2,- 



" Miss Fernald uses the term " unperceived," not subliminal. The latter 

 word is, however, employed by the Misses Thompson and Gordon, whose 

 results Miss Fernald assimilates to her own. That "unperceived" really 

 means " imperceptible " is shown also by a passage in a letter received f rom_ 

 Miss Fernald : " I should be very much afraiH of my observer's life, if it 

 depended on his identification of the stimulus color, in all cases in -w^hich a 

 clearly colored after-image is seen. In fact, when forced to say what 

 stimulus he thought was used, he guessed at B for O as often as O for O, 

 insisting all the while that he did not see any color." 



