Volcano Osbimsi, Idzii. 9 



physical aspects of the volcano and made a topographic survey of 

 the inside of the crater (Fig- 18, p. 33). 



In 1909, Immanuel Fpjedlaender'^ spoke of the island as 

 follows : — 



(1) The volcanic activity began \vith the eruption of many 

 craters along the east coast of the present Oshima. Tlie volcanoes 

 of tliis stage are too old (probably of the Tertiary period) for the 

 position of their craters to be pointed out now, Init tlie hills in 

 tiiat part consisting of " andésite " must represent the romains- of 

 those volcanoes. 



(2) In the next stage, the vulcanism was displayed along 

 *' the weak line " running in the direction N.N.W. — S.S.E. : a 

 great cone of the somma was formed very gradually by successive 

 extrusions of " oli vine-bearing augite-andesite, very near to basalt"; 

 nabu crater (an explosion- crater) (3e), Futago'^ (2d), and Itô- 

 nashi^' (2b) were then formed on the flanks of the main cone ; 

 after that, the huge crater at the top of the present somma was 

 formed either by explosion or by depression, while its northeastern 

 quarter w^as blown away by explosion ; the central cone, Mihara''^ 

 as well as the parasitic craters, Hikubo (3e) and Takenohira'^ (2e), 

 were born in a later stage. 



In 1909-^10, Ryôichi Ôhashi"^ denied the existence of any 

 old volcanic bodies which all previous writers had supposed to 

 underlie the present volcano. 



He considered that the lavas exposed on the cliff opposite to 

 Fudeshima'^ (3d) and those on the cliff west of Okata'^ (2a) be- 



1) " Ueber einige japanische Vulkane," Mitleüunjen der Diutschen üeseUsclmß für Xatur- 

 uni Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Bd. XII., Teil 1. S. 49-59, 1909. 



2) -T 3) p^m J) ^m 5) ë/2p 



0) "On the Geolog7 of Volcano Ôshima," Jour. Geol. Soc. Tô'cijô, Vol. XVI., r- 5^9, 19(U), 

 Vol. XVir., pp. 15, 56, and »T,, 1910 (in Jiipanese). 



7) m% H) irtira 



